When a stem cell undergoes asymmetric cell division, what arethe two cell types typically formed?

List three ways stem cells protect their genomic DNA.

What are the two main lineages derived from hematopoietic stemcells? List two differentiated cell types derived from eachlineage.

Some people believe that cancers form from mutated stem cells.What data from the study of CML supports this theory?

Many DNA polymerases have two catalytic activities. What arethey?

What is the phenotype of a mouse in which the proof-readingactivity of DNA polymerase has been eliminated throughmutation?

When a mistake occurs during DNA replication, it is importantfor the cell to identify which base is correct and which isincorrect. What clue is used by the repair machinery to determinewhich base(s) to remove?

What is a microsatellite and how can they lead to random baseinsertions and deletions in the DNA sequence?

Some (but not all) cancers display microsatellite instability.How does this instability usually arise?

Many bases undergo deamination, but deamination of5-methylcytosine is very frequent. What base is formed when5-methylcytosine undergoes deamination?

What products are formed from single electron reduction of O2 toH2O?

Name 3 sources of reactive oxygen species in living tissue.

Would you expect a mouse with a deleted 8-oxo-deoxyguanosineglycosylase to have a higher or lower cancer risk?

Compare how X rays and UV damage DNA.

What are the two major photoproducts formed by UV radiation?

Many environmental agents can alkylate DNA. What is thespecialized repair mechanism used by the cell to repair this typeof damage?

Many carcinogens enter the body as non-reactive pro-carcinogens.How do they become carcinogens?

Why do cytochrome P450 enzymes attach oxygen molecules topro-carcinogens?

List three cytochrome P450 substrates that are thought to behuman pro-carcinogens and indicate where they come from.

Many dietary pro-carcinogens are absorbed by the smallintestine. What is their next destination and where does most oftheir metabolism usually occur?

What are phase I and phase II enzymes?

What is glutathione and how do glutathione-S-transferasesprotect cells from carcinogens?

Name a cruciferous vegetable and one of its “active” ingredientswith regard to cancer prevention.

How does sulforaphane impact Keap1 and Nrf2 in the cell? Whatkind of proteins are Keap1 and Nrf2?

Compare base excision DNA repair and nucleotide excision repair.What types of lesions are repaired by BER and which are repaired byNER?

How many XP genes are there? Are XP individuals homozygous orheterozygous at a mutant XP locus?

Most of the XP genes encode proteins involved in:____________.

Approximately how many base pairs are replaced following NER andBER?

Are BRCA1 and 2 genes best viewed as gatekeeper or caretakergenes?

There are two ways a cell can repair a double strand DNA break.What are they called and which is more error prone?

Which double strand break repair pathway requires a sisterchromatid?

What is the difference between chromosomal instability andmicrosatellite instability? How do these states arise?

In a normal cell, mitosis will not occur until the spindleassembly checkpoint in passed. What event satisfies the spindleactivated checkpoint? What happens when this checkpoint indeficient?

What is the role of centromere tension for passing the spindleassembly checkpoint?