The rest of the questions on this lab activity (Questions 9-13)are multiple-choice. As you are answering each question, pleaseexplain your answers in addition to picking what you believe to bethe correct letter choice.

9. Which of the following does not need to be known in order todetermine the p-value?

A. the significance (or alpha) level

B. knowledge of whether the test is one-tailed (or one-sided) ortwo-tailed (or two-sided)

C. the value of the test statistic

D. All of the above need to be known to determine thep-value.

E. None of the above need to be known to determine ap-value.

10. You conduct a hypothesis test with a sample of size n = 40and you observe values for the sample mean and sample standarddeviation that do not lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis.In fact, you determine the p-value is 0.0667. What would you expectto happen to the p-value if the sample size was smaller? Assumehere the sample mean and sample standard deviation would not changewith the smaller sample size.

A. The p-value would stay the same

B. The p-value would increase (or get bigger)

C. The p-value would decrease (or get smaller)

D. This cannot be answered since p-values are not affected atall by sample size

11. If a p-value is smaller than the alpha level, what does thismean?

A. The results are practically important.

B. The null hypothesis does not provide a plausible explanationfor the findings.

C. The null hypothesis is definitely false.

D. The alternative hypothesis is definitely true.

E. All of the above.

12. Which one of the following statements about p-values iscorrect?

A. If the p-value for a hypothesis test is 0.15, this means theprobability that the null hypothesis is false is 0.15.

B. If a p-value is 0.04 and the alpha-level is 0.01, ourdecision should be to fail to reject the null hypothesis.

C. A p-value that is less than 0 means that we have an outcomethat is extremely rare.

D. The smaller the p-value, the more evidence there is in favorof the null hypothesis.

E. All of the above statements are correct.   

13. Imagine you have data in the form of means, and you haveconducted a hypothesis test. You obtain a p-value of 0.0001. Whichof the following statements must be true regarding thisp-value?

A. The difference between µ and must be huge.

B. Since the p-value is so small, the results will havepractical importance as well as statistical significance.

C. The sample standard deviation, or s, must be very small.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above.