. The learning styles of students in a university biology course were measured and the students...

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. The learning styles of students in a university biology coursewere measured and the students were divided into two groupsdepending on their propensity towards visual learning (style 1)versustext-based learning (style 2). Severalteaching interventionsaimed at visual learners were introduced into the course and theinstructors scored the students as to whether or not they showedlearning gains compared to the usual text-based materials. Theresults are given in the table below. Conduct a Chi-square analysisto determine if learning gains were contingent of learning style.Discuss the results and state your conclusions. LS1/Yes:28,LS1/No:10, LS2/Yes:48, LS2/No:114

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Chi-Square Test of independence
	Observed Frequencies
	Y
0	Yes	No	Total
LS1	28	10	38
LS2	48	114	162
Total	76	124	200

	*Expected frequency of a cell = sum of rowsum of column / total sum**
	Expected Frequencies
	Yes	No	Total
LS1	76*38/200=14.44	124*38/200=23.56	38
LS2	76*162/200=61.56	124*162/200=100.44	162




Total	76	124	200

	(fo-fe)^2/fe
LS1	12.734	7.804
LS2	2.987	1.831

Chi-Square Test Statistic,?² = ?(fo-fe)^2/fe =   25.3557

Level of Significance =   0.05
Number of Rows =   2
Number of Columns =   2
Degrees of Freedom=(#row - 1)(#column -1) = (2- 1 ) * ( 2- 1 ) =   1

p-Value =   0.0000   [Excel function: =CHISQ.DIST.RT(?²,df) ]
Decision:    p-value < ? , Reject Ho

conclusion: there is enough evidence to conlcude that learning gains were dependent of learning style

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