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Civil Engineering

Please don't leave any questions to answer. If you are waitingfor great feedback then that should be me. This questions are fromsurveying and spatial science
a). You are working in the Environmental Management section of aLocal Government Council. Your Local Government area includesapproximately 100 km of coastline, comprising a mix of beaches,coastal dunes, rocky shores and headlands. Some regions of thecoastline are considered highly vulnerable to the effects ofclimate change. Along the coastline there are beachsidecommunities, agricultural activities and natural bushland.
Carefully consider the environmental monitoring that may need tobe undertaken in order for your Council to measure and manage theimpacts of climate change. List and describe the surveying andspatial technologies and methods that might be required to collect,manage and analyse the spatial data required by the Council.
b). You have been employed by a company that provides servicesto the farming/agriculture sector: including grazing (cattle andsheep), broad acre cropping (grains), and intense, high-valuehorticulture (irrigated crops such as lettuce, cherries, stonefruit). The company has identified spatial technologies as anemerging opportunity to provide new services to their clients. Listand describe four examples of how different spatial technologiescan be applied to farming/agricultural business

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Answer 1 surveying and spatial technologies and methods thatmight be required to collect manage and analyse the spatial datarequired by the Council in coastal area are as followAs the intersection of land and sea coastal zones are complex andvariable The traditional means of coastal zone research havecertain limitations Both the monitoring means and the monitoringintensity struggle to meet the demand of realtime monitoring dueto coastal zone development environmental changes and disastersAmong the modern methods for monitoring terrestrial ecosystemsremote sensing is of primary importance due to its ability toprovide synoptic information over wide areas with high acquisitionfrequencies 1 Remote sensing Remote sensing has been used in resourcedevelopment the planning and management of the coastal zone themonitoring of shoreline changes and the understanding of physicalprocesses in the coastal environment with geographic informationsystems GIS Remote sensing technology acquires and records information withoutcoming into direct contact with an object Remote sensing wasredefined as the science and technology of Earth observationincluding space to Earth observation aerial observation and fieldmonitoring From this perspective remote sensing data can bedivided into data on a global scale a regional scale and a localscaleGlobalscale satellites include static meteorological satellitessuch as the GOES8 the GOES10 and the GMS meteorologicalsatellite The GOES8 and the GOES10 are the stationary satellitesof NOAA Their purposes are daily weather observations Thesesatellites provide a variety of meteorological andnonmeteorological services and play an important role in the studyof global climate change weather forecasting disaster preventionand disaster reductionRegionalscale data are generally obtained from moderateresolutionremote sensing images such as MODIS sensor and Landsat satellitesMODIS is an important sensor equipped with Terra and Aquasatellites Its multispectral data can reflect the information ofland surface condition ocean colour phytoplankton biologicalgeography chemistry atmospheric water vapour aerosol and surfacetemperature atmospheric temperature and so on Launched by theUnited States Landsat satellites are primarily used to capture theremote sensing images of land including soil organisms and plantsThese satellites provide accurate and dynamic geographicalinformation sources Regionalscale data can be used in themacroscopic analysis of coastal zone changesLocalscale satellites are usually used for monitoring in a smallerscope with high resolutions such as worldview satellite airbornesatellites and unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs The benefits ofhigh spatial and high spectral resolution data are their ability tomatch the rich spectral and spatial diversities observed in coastalsystems For example The invasion of Spartina alterniflora wasmonitored using very high resolution UAV imagery in Beiha Theresults showed that UAV imagery can provide details on thedistribution progress and early detection of S alterniflorainvasion and the total accuracy was 940Based on the spectral types satellites can be divided into opticalsatellites and microwave satellites Hyperspectral andmultispectral data provide more information for identifyingtargets Unlike optical satellites microwave satellites canpenetrate through snow soil and forest The benefit of combinedoptical and SARbased approaches in improving classifications oversome coastal habitats was demonstratedCurrently remote sensing data are used in various ways they serveas input boundary conditions and validation data for numericalsimulation models they are combined with in situ measurements todraw sediment transport maps and they are assimilated in 3Dcoastal sediment transport models and in the light forcing of anecosystem model2 Geographical information system GIS is an important andspecific spatial information system It is the technical system forthe collection storage management operation analysis displayand description of geographic distribution data for the entirety ora part of the Earths surface including the atmosphere in supportof computer hardware and software systems GIS has spatial analysiscapabilities can store and manage vast amounts of complex spatialdata and attribute data and can use spatial databases for thecomprehensive analysis of multiple factors with quantity qualityand localization However it is difficult to achieve attributedata modelling relying solely on GIS softwareCombining GIS and mathematical models can make modelling easier byimproving accuracy and solving problems effectively For exampleAnthony et al used GIS with fuzzy learning vector quantizationFLVQ for coastal vegetation classification The classificationaccuracy of FLVQ was comparable to a conventional supervisedmultilayer perceptron trained with backpropagation KHAT accuracy8282 and 8466 respectively normalized accuracy 7460 and7585 respectively with no significant difference at the 95confidence level An eutrophication model for Bohai Bay based on acellular automatasupport vector machine CASVM was establishedin by applying the soft computing approach with a large quantity ofremote sensing data to the See Answer

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