Mr. Heyden, 72, is brought to the emergency room after anaccident at his farm. The paramedics report that his left side waspinned beneath his tractor, and that when he was freed, his leftlower quadrant appeared to be compressed. His blood pressure is90/50 mm Hg and falling, and his heart rate is 116 beats/min. Hispulse is thready. Mr. Heyden complains of pain in his left side andthen loses consciousness.

1. Mr. Heyden's low blood pressure will trigger certaincompensatory mechanisms. Which statement below best reflects thechanges in hormone levels that will occur?

Mr. Heyden's ADH, aldosterone, and renin will increase.

Mr. Heyden's ADH and renin will decrease, and his aldosteronewill increase.

Mr. Heyden's ADH will decrease, his aldosterone will increase,and his renin will be unchanged.

Mr. Heyden's ADH will increase, and his aldosterone and reninwill decrease.

2. Mr. Heyden's blood K+ levels are high. Which of the followingbest explains his high K+ levels?

Mr. Heyden's increased secretion of aldosterone will cause hisK+ levels to increase.

Mr. Heyden's damaged kidneys can no longer adequately remove K+from his blood.

The loss of Mr. Heyden's spleen means that his aged and fragileerythrocytes are not being removed, and so are rupturing in hisblood vessels and releasing K+.

Mr. Heyden's increased secretion of ADH will cause his K+levels to increase.