A solution is prepared that contains 10 mM NaCl, 20 mMCaCl2, 20 mM BaCl2, and 50 mMNiNO3. Of course, all these salts completely dissolve totheir respective cations and anions. The pH is 7.0.
(a) Calculate the ionic strength of the solution.
(b) Calculate the activity coefficients for H+,Cl-, and Ba2+ (use the Guntenbergapproximation because the solutions do, though note there are a fewother equations and a graph that can be used at your discretion anyother time).
(c) Compare the concentrations and the activities of these threespecies—what is the percent difference between the concentrationand the activity for H+, for Cl-, and forBa2+?
