A. Define a buffer system and describe the three major buffersystems of the body fluids. Explain how a buffer system adjustswhen either a strong acid or strong base is added to an aqueoussolution (describe the relevant chemistry. Explain how modifyingthe rate and depth of ventilation can permit respiratorycompensation for a metabolic acid-base disorder (describe thechemistry).
B. Compare and contrast the physiology of the human sexualresponse in the male and the female, including stimuli, nervousregulation, and effector targets. How are they similar and how arethey different? How does this relate to reproductive developmentalhomology?
C. Discuss the structure and function of the juxtaglomerularapparatus. What factors determine GFR? Why is it so important tokeep GFR stable? Explain in terms of nephron function. Brieflydescribe the autoregulatory mechanisms used in the kidney tomaintain GFR on an ongoing basis.
D. Discuss the different mechanisms of reabsorption in the renaltubule. How are valuable nutrients reabsorbed from the filtrate?How are ions and water reabsorbed? In which parts of the renaltubule do these events occur? Distinguish between obligatory andfacultative reabsorption.
