1.Answer the following questions concerning leukocytes andmacrophages. (a) Leukocytes and macrophages fall under whichcategory—nonspecific or specific defense? Note that yourtextbook uses the terms nonspecific resistance and nonspecificdefense interchangeably, and also uses the terms specific immunityand specific defense interchangeably. (b) Leukocytes andmacrophages fall under which category—first, second, or third lineof defense? (c) What is the difference between a monocyte and amacrophage?

2.(a) After a B cell is activated, it differentiates into whatcells, and what do each of those cells do? (b) A given plasma cellproduces antibodies with specificities for about how many differentantigens? (c) How many binding sites are there on an antibody foran antigen? (d) There is a binding site on an antibody for whatelse in addition to antigen binding sites? (e) Do the binding siteson antibodies mentioned in parts (c) and (d) occur in the variableor constant regions of antibodies?

3.Answer the following questions concerning fever. (a) Is fevergenerally a beneficial or harmful phenomenon? Explain briefly. (b)What leukocytes play the largest role in generating fever? (c)Explain very briefly in your own words how aspirin and ibuprofenreduce fever. (d) Name two mechanisms that directly increase bodytemperature once the signals that initiate a fever are present. (e)Name two mechanisms that directly decrease body temperature once aninfection is defeated.