1. When discussing the concept of risk, what type of outcomesare we considering (negative outcomes or positiveoutcomes)?   (For example, would we talk about therisk of DYING from heart failure OR the risk of SURVIVING heartfailure?)

2. If the risk of Outcome A is 154% compared to the risk ofOutcome B, has the risk for Outcome A increased, decreased orstayed the same?

3. What decimal (e.g x.xx) would you use to express a risk of67%?  Has the risk increased, decreased or stayed thesame?

4. When considering the confidence interval surrounding a risk(e.g. risk of 0.84 with a 95% CI of 0.65 – 0.98), what is the “key”number to look for, and why?  What is the relationshipbetween statistical significance and this “key” number?

5. In a population of cigarette smokers, 35 out of 1,436 willdevelop small cell lung cancer (SCLC).   What is therisk of developing SCLC in this population?

6. In a population of non-smokers, 188 out of 153,678 willdevelop SCLC.   What is the risk of developing SCLCin this population?

7. What is the relative risk for developing SCLC among smokersas compared to non-smokers?

8. In your own words, what is the difference between risk andodds?

9. Construct a 2x2 table for the statistics given for SCLC aboveand calculate the odds ratio.

10. In your own words, what is the meaning of the odds ratio?(How would you explain this to apatient?)        

11. If the risk for developing a neural tube defect (NTD)without folate supplementation is 0.63% and the risk for developinga NTD with folate supplementation is 0.03%, what is the relativerisk for not taking folate, and what is the relative risk reductionfor taking folate?

12. What is the absolute risk reduction for taking folatesupplementation?  What is the NNT for taking folatesupplementation?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

1.   When does amanufacturer apply for an IND?

2.   When does amanufacturer apply for an NDA?

3.   After what stageof the drug development process is the drug released to market?

4.   A study containsthe statement, “Based on the p-value of 0.056, the null hypothesiswas accepted and it was determined that the diabetic control ondrug A was not different from diabetic control on drugB.”   What branch of statistics is this statementrepresenting?

5.   By definition the50^thpercentile is also known as what”

6.   On a stem and leafplot, the range is determined by taking the largest possiblevaluable and subtracting the lowest possible value. True orFalse?

7.   What part of a boxplot represents the interquartile range?

8.   Between a piechart, bar chart and histogram, which two are used for discreetdata?