1. Hypotension will lower the plasma osmolarity, blood pressure,and blood volume. This will activate therenin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Overhydration will increasethe blood volume. This will trigger the cardiac atrial cells tosecrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Fasting will increase theplasma osmolarity, decrease blood pressure and blood volume. Thiswill trigger the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).

a. True

b. False

2. What is TRUE about acetylcholine? There may be more than oneanswer.

a. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to thenicotinic receptor at the motor-end-plate of a muscle fiber and itis a neuromodulator when it binds to the nicotinic receptor at thedendrites of a post-ganglionic neuron.

b. It takes two acetylcholine to open the gate of a nicotinicreceptor, which will cause a greater influx of Na⁺compared to the amount of efflux of K⁺.

c. Acetylcholine binds at the muscarinic receptors at the atriaonly of the heart to decrease the heart rate.

d. Acetylcholine is a neurocrine but it is never found in theblood because it is not a neurohormone.

e. Acetylcholine causes an excitatory response on the musclefiber when it binds to the acetylcholine esterase.

3.

What force favors the glomerular filtration process?

a. Hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary

b. Osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillary

c. Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule

d. Osmotic pressure in the Bowman's capsule

e. Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in the glomerularcapillary