Write short notes on: Preparation of elements by chemical and electrochemical routes. Variable oxidation states in oxides and...

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Chemistry

Write short notes on:
Preparation of elements by chemical and electrochemicalroutes.
Variable oxidation states in oxides and oxoanions of main groupelements. ( chloride or nitrogen or
Use of metal complexes as anticancer agents.
Different structures and functions in some copperproteins.
The design and mechanism of the dye-sensitized solar cell.
Electrochemical synthesis of the elements.
Harnessing energy in natural and artificialphotosynthesis.
Use of electrolysis in preparation of the elements.

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3.8 Ratings (628 Votes)

1A The method of direct electrochemical synthesis consists ofoxidizing a metal anode in a nonaqueous solution containing aligand or ligand precursor to produce the appropriate inorganicor organometallic compound In many cases the product precipitatesdirectly in the cell making for easy isolation so that thetechnique is both direct and simple and in addition the productyields are very high One advantage of the technique is that theproducts are often derivatives of a low oxidation state of themetal examples of this include chromiumIII bromide tinII andleadII diolates and thiolates hexahalogenodigallateII anionsthorium diiodide copperI thiolate complexes and indiumIderivatives of thiols dithiols and diols In some systems thelow oxidation state compound undergoes subsequent reaction forexample in the synthesis of RInX2 the reaction sequence involvesthe oxidation of indium metal to give InX which then reacts withRX to give RInX2B Chemists synthesize chemical compounds that occur in naturein order to gain a better understanding of their structuresSynthesis also enables chemists to produce compounds that do notform naturally for research purposes In industry synthesis isused to make products in large quantityChemical compounds are madeup of atoms of different elements joined together by chemicalbonds A chemical synthesis usually involves the breaking ofexisting bonds and the formation of new ones Synthesis of acomplex molecule may involve a considerable number of individualreactions leading in sequence from available starting materials tothe desired end product Each step usually involves reaction atonly one chemical bond in the moleculeIn planning the route ofchemical synthesis chemists usually visualize the end product andwork backward toward increasingly simpler compounds For manycompounds it is possible to establish alternative syntheticroutes The ones actually used depend on many factors such as costand availability of starting materials the amount of energy neededto make the reaction proceed at a satisfactory rate and the costof separating and purifying the end products Moreover knowledgeof the reaction mechanism and the function of the chemicalstructure or behaviour of the functional groups helps toaccurately determine the mostfavoured pathway that leads to See Answer

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