What is the classification and history of Providencia? What is the significance of it? How does it...

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Biology

What is the classification and history ofProvidencia?
What is the significance of it? How does it relate to science,environment, or health?
Is it pathogenic? If so, what does it cause and what is thetreatment? Who does it affect? What part of the world is it foundin?
Is there anything about Providencia that makes itunique and interesting?

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Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Proteobacteria Class Gammaproteobacteria Order Enterobacteriales Family Enterobacteriaceae Genus Providencia Species P stuartii P sneebia P rettgeri P rustigianii P heimbachae P burhodogranariea P alcalifaciens The first species of the genus now known as Providencia was isolated by Rettger in 1904 The bacterium was initially seen in chickens in what was believed to be an epidemic of fowl cholera The bacterium was not further characterized until 1918 when it was named Bacterium rettgerii by Hadley et al Organisms belonging to the genus Providencia have undergone many taxonomic changes since their first description with frequent confusion and overlap between organisms of the closely related genera ProvidenciaProteus and Morganella Kauffmann first proposed the genus name Providencia in 1951 referring to a group of organisms studied by Stuart and colleagues at Brown University in Providence Rhode Island By 1983 the 4 species in the Providencia genus at that time were fully differentiated with DNA hybridization and urea hydrolyzation In 1986 Providencia heimbachae was the fifth species discovered The 5 species currently in the genus Providencia in descending order of prevalence include Providencia stuartii Providencia rettgeri Providencia alcalifaciens Providencia rustigianii and P heimbachae Providencia species are found in multiple animal reservoirs including flies birds cats dogs cattle sheep guinea pigs and penguins and are resident oral flora in reptiles such as pythons vipers and boas Providencia species are also found commonly in soil water and sewage Examples of Providencia infections in animals include neonatal diarrhea due to P stuartii infection in dairy cows and enteritis caused by P alcalifaciens infection in dogs P rettgeri has been isolated in crocodiles with meningitissepticemia and in chickens with enteritis P heimbachae has been isolated in penguin feces and an aborted bovine fetus In humans Providencia species have been isolated from urine most common stool and blood as well as from sputum skin and wound cultures P stuartiisepticemia is primarily of urinary origin One case study has described P stuartii as the etiology of infective endocarditis Another case report found P rettgeri to be a cause of ocular infections including keratitis conjunctivitis and endophthalmitis P stuartii is frequently isolated in patients with See Answer

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