1. What is a second-messenger system? Why is it necessary for aminoacid-based hormones to use such a system? Why does it allow aminoacid-based hormones to only act where they are supposed to?

1. Which hormones does the pituitary gland make? Which other glandsare directly controlled by the pituitary’s hormones? Why is itbeneficial that so many glands are controlled by a single organattached to the brain?

1. What is Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)? What kind of situationswould cause this factor to be released? Where is produced? Whywould this organ care about hypoxia?

1. What are the primary components of blood? What does eachcomponent do? What would you find dissolved in blood, and why arethere so many things dissolved in the blood in the first place?

1. Where in the body is the highest oxygen concentration? Thehighest carbon dioxide concentration? Why is oxygen so high there?Why is carbon dioxide so high in the other location?

1. What are the three types of capillaries? What kind of functionswould each type be used for?

1. What are the major anatomical differences between arteries andveins? What are the major physiological differences betweenarteries and veins? How do the physiological differences explainthe anatomical differences?

1. What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonarycircuits? How is blood moved through each circuit?

1. How does the body use vasoconstriction and vasodilation tocontrol blood pressure? Why does the body use arterioles instead oflarger arteries or veins to control blood pressure?

1. What region of the brain can send signals that alter theheartrate? Why would that region, as opposed to the other threeregions, have developed that ability?

1. What is a baroreceptor? Where are some of the locations wherebaroreceptors are located? Why would the brain need to monitor thebody this way?

1. What hormones are used to control blood pressure? How do theycause BP to increase or decrease?

1. What are anatomical differences between lymphatic vessels andblood vessels? What are the physiological differences betweenlymphatic vessels and blood vessels? How do the physiologicaldifferences explain the anatomical differences? Are lymphaticvessels more like arteries or veins, and why?

1. What is the difference between a primary and secondary lymphoidorgan? What are the two primary lymphoid organs, and what are themajor secondary lymphoid organs?

1. What are the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)? Whereare they found, and what do they do? Why would lymphoid tissues bebeneficial in these locations?