What are post-translational protein modifications? How do they affect protein structures and functions? How can they...

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What are post-translational protein modifications? How do theyaffect protein structures and functions? How can they be measured(name at least two ways)? Why should we care about them (hint:there are likely a few reasons; tell me about all of them)?

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Posttranslational modifications are changes to proteins thatare made after translation has occurred posttranslationalmodification consist of cleaving peptide bonds as in processing apropeptide to a mature form or removing the initiator methionineresidue The formation of disulfide bonds from cysteine residuesmay also be referred to as a posttranslational modificationProtein posttranslational modifications PTMs increase thefunctional diversity of the proteome by the covalent addition offunctional groups or proteins proteolytic cleavage of regulatorysubunits or degradation of entire proteins These modificationsinclude phosphorylation glycosylation ubiquitinationnitrosylation methylation acetylation lipidation and proteolysisand influence almost all aspects of normal cell biology andpathogenesis Therefore identifying and understanding PTMs iscritical in the study of cell biology and disease treatment andprevention2Structural changesDisulfide bridges the covalent linkage of two cysteine aminoacidsProteolytic cleavage cleavage of a protein at a peptide bondIsoaspartate formation via the cyclisation of asparagine oraspartic acid aminoacid residues racemisation of serine byproteinserine epimerase of alanine in dermorphin a frog opioidpeptide of methionine in deltorphin also a frog opioid peptideprotein splicing selfcatalytic removal of inteins analogous tomRNA processingPosttranslational modifications play a fundamental role inregulating the folding of See Answer

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