VARIABLES AFFECTING PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING: Pavlovianconditioning is not simply a matter of pairing two stimuli. Thereare many other variables at work. These include the way the CS (NS)and US are paired, the number of those pairings, the amount ofexperience with the CS(NS) before conditioning, and more. There arefour basic conditioning procedures: trace, delay, simultaneous, andbackward. Name the procedure (trace, delay, simultaneous, andbackward) used in each of the following examples:

a. You are on the second floor of the building where you work. Asiren sounds, and you are ordered to evacuate the building. Thismeans going through a door and down a shaky outdoor fire escapeladder, which you find very unnerving. You can hear the alarmsounding as you descend the ladder. Procedure:________________________________

b. You go to a class with a new instructor. When he asks aquestion, you raise your hand and offer an answer. He makes a verysarcastic remark about your answer. Procedure:__________________________________

c. You go down the stairs to your basement. When your reach thefloor, you feel a blow to the back of your head. You fall forwardbut turn and see the face of an intruder as he races up the stairs.Procedure: ________________________________________

d. You are in a tropical jungle and are walking across aswinging bridge with wooden steps. You do not notice that one ofthe steps is cracked. You put your weight on the step, and just asyou do so your companion sees the danger and says “Stop!” At thesame moment, the step breaks and your foot goes through. Procedure:________________________________________