The Zambian Government has embarked on variousdevelopmental projects throughout the country. The
projects include Water and Sanitation, Roads, Schools andHospitals. Private companies have also invested
in shopping malls in various parts of the country. This hasresulted in a boost for the construction industry.
a. Discuss why there is an increase in the use of steel as comparedto concrete in most of the building
works around the country under construction.
b. Consider the iron value chain from material extraction todisposal, at what point according to your
assessment is the most energy used? As a design engineer, at whatstage do you think is your
intervention most important and what role can you play in makingiron more sustainable?

c. One of the project which the Government is implementing is thewater project in Western Province
of Zambia particularly Mongu District. Two surface concretereservoirs of 1.5 Mega litres each will
be constructed within the Central Business District (CBD). Sincethe site is within the CBD, the wall
fence should be built and source of sand for block moulding willcome from the same site as the area
is sandy and it is quite large. As a material/site Engineer adviceon the type of material, construction
and precaution which should be considered for this project.
d. Some works which have already been completed for the waterproject especially buildings
constructed of concrete roofing have started leaking after 1 year.What could be the possible causes
of leaking roofs and how can this be sorted out.