The human body has several defense mechanisms. “Innate immunity”which is the routine protection
present at birth. This immune system has three general components(first-line defenses, sensor
systems, and innate effectors actions). In addition to the innatedefenses, the human body has evolved
a more specialized defense system of “adaptive immunity”. Thisimmune system develops throughout
life as a result of exposure to microbes or certain other types offoreign material, and substantially
increases the host’s ability to defend itself.
White blood cells (or leukocytes) are a major component for both“innate and adaptive immunity”. All
blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, areoriginated from the same cell type called
a)_____________ found in the bone marrow, which is induced todevelop into the various types of
blood cells by a group of proteins calledb)_______________________.
A variety of types of white bloods cells serve specific roles inthe innate and adaptive immune system.
There are three major types of white blood cells based on theirroles in the innate and adaptive
immunity, such as i) granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils), ii) mononuclear phagocytes
(monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells), and iii) lymphocytes (Bcell and T cell, natural killer cells).
1. What is in the blank a)?
2. What is in the blank b)?
3. “This” is one of innate effector actions and must be activatedto function such as opsonization, lysis
of foreign cells, and inflammatory response. What is this?
4. Fever is one of the innate effector actions and may reduce theavailability of iron. If it is true, “why”
is the iron availability important in body defenses?
5. Adaptive immunity has two strategies as humoral immunity(associated with B lymphocyte or B cell)
and cell-mediated immunity (associated with T lymphocyte or Tcell), which is tightly regulated by
an in-active form (naïve) and an active form. “Why” the adaptiveimmunity is strictly regulated?
6. B cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., B cell activation) and theactivated B cell produces B cell
effector molecules; T cell receptor binds antigens (i.e., T cellactivation) and the activated T cell
produces T cell effector molecules.
a. What are the B cell effector molecules? List two.
b. What are the T cell effector molecules? List two.