Sensory Systems

General Sensory

1. Stimuli in the environment are detected by ___________._________ detect stimuli in the outside environment while ________detect internal stimuli. ________ detect chemicals; ________ detectpressure; ________ detect photons; _________detect changes inshape; ________ detect changes in muscle length
2. Receptors can only detect stimuli that is presented in the___________. Smaller/larger receptive field allow for betterprecision. Receptors generate ___________ which triggers __________in sensory neurons. Sensory neurons relay information to the_________ then to the __________ where stimuli is perceived.

Taste

1. Taste receptors are ___________; they are located in _________.________ trigger salty taste; ________ trigger sweet taste;________ trigger bitter taste; _______ trigger umami taste; ______trigger sour taste.
2. _________ and _______ chemicals directly enter taste cells todepolarize them. __________ chemicals bind to receptors whichactivate second messenger system.
3. Taste cells activate neuron is CN _________ which relay theinformation to the __________ and then to __________ then finallyto the _________ where taste is perceived.

Smell

1. Olfactory receptors are located _____________. Binding ofodorants to olfactory receptors activates _________ which activates___________ enzyme which converts __________ to ________. cAMPopens ________ to _______ the olfactory neuron. The olfactoryneurons synapse in the _________ and then to the _________ whereodor is perceived.

Vision

1. __________ photoreceptors are used for bright light conditionsand for seeing _______. ________ photoreceptors are used form dimlight conditions. There are ______types of cones. Blue conesrespond best to light of _____; Red cones respond best to light of________; and green cones respond best to light of _________. Rodsrespond best to light of _______.
2. The part of the photoreceptor that responds to light is the__________ which is made of ________ and ________.
3. In the dark, cGMP opens _________ on the photoreceptors whichallows ______ to enter. This is called the __________ whichdepolarizes the ________ which releases ________ to inhibit bipolarcells. As a result, bipolar cells can’t activate __________. As aresult, no _________ is generated in the optic nerve.
4. In the light, photons of light strike to photopigments toconvert ________ to _______. This change activates _________ whichactivates __________ which converts cGMP to ________. A decrease incGMP decreases the _________ current. As a result, bipolar cellsare no longer inhibited by _______. Bipolar cells then stimulate_________ which generate action potentials in the ________.
5. The scotopic system uses many _________ to activate fewer________ which activate fewer _________. This is an example of__________. This system uses _________ to respond to low intensitylight
6. The photopic system uses __________ to activate __________ toactivate __________. Due to the lack of __________, this system isnot suitable for __________ but it is ideal for _________.
7. Visual pathway
   1. Bipolar cells synapse with _______ in the retina which, inturn, synapse in the ________; third order neurons then terminatein the _________ where vision is perceived.
8. Vision abnormalities
   1. _________ is also called nearsightedness; in this conditionimage comes into focus _________
   2. _________ is also called farsightedness; in this condition,image comes into focus ________
   3. _________ is condition that prevents the image from coming intofocus
   4. _________ is normal vision

Hearing

1. The pitch of a sound is based on its ________. The loudness ofsound is based on its ________. Loudness is measure using a_________ scale. 20 db is ________ times louder than the hearingthreshold.
2. The receptor for hearing is the _________ which is located inthe _________. The receptor has ______ and _______ hair cells. The__________ are responsible for hearing and the _______ areresponsible for cochlear tuning.
3. The ________ are activated when their stereocilia __________and are inhibited when the stereocilia __________. Bending of thestereocilia towards the _______open ________ to allow _______ toenter the cells. This causes depolarization of the _______ whichactivates ________.
4. Pathway
   1. Auditory nerve synapse in the _________ and activate secondaryneurons which project to the ________ to activate tertiary neuronswhich project to the ________ to activate quarternary neurons whichproject to the _________ to activate 5^th order neuronsthat terminate in the _______ where hearing isperceived.  
5. Hearing loss
   1. Damage to the ________ leads to sensorineural hearing losswhereas obstruction or damage to the ________ may lead toconduction hearing loss.

Equilbrium

1. _____________ detect angular movements of the head; the_________ detects vertical movements of the head; the ________detects horizontal movements of the head.
2. The equilibrium structures (apparatus) contain ________ whichare depolarized when _________. These cells then activate__________ which terminate in the _________. Neurons then projectto the _________ and then to the ________.