REVIEW 1 Briefly summarize Lamarck s concept of the evolutionary process What is wrong with this concept 2 What is uniformitarianism How did it influence Darwin s evolutionary theory ties such as geographical range and amount of gene flow among populations can cause some lineages to be more prone than others to extinction or to speciation Episodic mass extinctions such as the End Cretaceous extinction associated with an asteroid impact may select for characteristics different from ones that prospered between extinction peaks This is catastrophic species selection and may reset evolution as occurred when mammals survived the End Cretaceous mass extinction but dinosaur lineages did not 3 Why was the Beagle s journey so important to Darwin s thinking 4 What was the key idea contained in Malthus s essay on populations that was to help Darwin formulate his theory of natural selection QUESTIONS 5 Explain how each of the following contribute s to Darwin s evolutionary theory fossils geographic distributions of closely related animals homology animal classification 6 How do modern evolutionists view the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny Explain how the observation of paedomorphosis conflicts with Haeckel s biogenetic law 7 What are the important differences between the vicariant and founder event modes of allopatric speciation 8 What are reproductive barriers How do premating and postmating barriers differ 9 Under what conditions is sympatric speciation proposed Population 1 II 10 What is the main evolutionary lesson provided by Darwin s finches on the Gal pagos Islands 11 How is the observation of sporting mutations in animal breeding used to challenge Darwin s theory of gradualism Why did Darwin reject such mutations as having little evolutionary importance 12 What does the theory of punctuated equilibrium state about the occurrence of speciation throughout geological time What observation led to this theory 13 Describe the observations and inferences that compose Darwin s theory of natural selection 14 Identify the random and nonrandom components of Darwin s theory of natural selection 15 Describe some recurring criticisms of Darwin s theory of natural selection How can these criticisms be refuted 16 Using the data shown in Figure 6 32 calculate the frequencies of the alleles in the top set of bands and in the lower set of bands 17 Assume that you are sampling a trait in animal populations the trait is controlled by a single allelic pair A and a and you can distinguish all three phenotypes AA Aa and aa intermediate inheritance Your sample includes AA 300 400 Aa 500 400 aa 200 200 Total 1000 1000 Calculate the distribution of phenotypes in each population as expected under Hardy Weinberg equilibrium Is population I in equilibrium Is population II in equilibrium 18 If after studying a population for a trait determined by a single pair of alleles you find that the population is not in equilibrium what possible reasons might explain the lack of equilibrium 19 Explain why genetic drift is more powerful in small populations 20 Describe how the effects of genetic drift and natural selection can interact in a subdivided species 21 Is it easier for selection to remove a deleterious recessive allele from a randomly mating population or from a highly inbred population Why 22 Distinguish between microevolution and macroevolution and describe some evolutionary processes evident only at the macroevolutionary level For Further Thought Explain why the evidence supporting Darwin s theory of common descent does not depend on the validity of specific