Respond to the following:

An acquired immune response necessitates exposure to an antigen.This initial exposure does not always elicit a leukocyte attack butdoes program central memory and effector memory T-cell. The innatesystem is responsible for triggering an adaptive response; thereduction of antigens terminates the immune response. As theinfection is eliminated, the quantity of antigens begins todecline. This creates competition between lymphocytes and reductionof new lymphocyte differentiation. Expression of inhibitory signalslike CTLA-4, PD-1, and KLRG-1 also occur, along with a reduction incellular ATP. The cells involved in the adaptive immune responsethat are not wasted or die, become new memory cells. For somepathogens, innate or humoral immunity is insufficient for defense.This is the case with Bordetella pertussis, which requires a strongT-cell response, to provide immunity. B. pertussis causes whoopingcough which can be lethal is allowed to progress, or reinfectionoccurs. An innate response is initiated and last about 7 days, thena short latent period, followed by acquired response around day 10.The acquired response last until the infection is cleared. Theinfection by B. pertussis produces a response by Th1, Th2 and Th17cells. The antigens on B. pertussis, activate signal chains ofTNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines (2). T-cell antibodiesrespond to Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertussis toxin (PT)and pertactin (PRN) from the B. pertussis bacteria or as componentsof a vaccine. Vaccines that contain all three components have ahigher success rate of immunization. Some vaccines contain B.pertussis fimbriae (FIM) as an antigen. Acquired immune response toB. pertussis is primarily from CCR7+CD45RA−T and CCR7+CD45RA− cellsduring early childhood (2). A difficulty in illuminating therespiratory track of B. pertussis arises from a type III secretionsystem (2). Bacterial mechanism serves to produces ananti-inflammatory state in the host leading bacterialproliferation. This protein that the bacteria scan inject directlyinto the cytosol of tissue cells or most commonly respondingleukocytes. It is thought that type III secretion systems disruptthe differing leukocytes ability to attach, T-cell recruitment andcytotoxicity (1). The toxicity and lethality of B. pertussis,arises from the potential to overwhelmed the immune system withtype III secretion systems injected cells. It is also thought thatB. pertussis immunity is not lifelong and depends on the type ofexposure. B. pertussis is vaccinated for children and adults withethe dTap vaccine. It is recommended to be given at 2,4,6,15 months,4 and 12 years. Pregnant women and healthcare workers arerecommended to receive additional vaccinations as well asindividuals over 65(3). Natural exposure to B. pertussis elevatesthe T-cell response more efficiently than synthetic boosters.