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Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between air pollutants and preterm births in Southern...

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Researchers collected data to examine the relationship between air pollutants and preterm births in Southern California During the study air pollution levels were measured by air quality monitoring stations Suppose the length of gestation data were collected on 145 106 births between the years 1989 and 1993 and air pollution exposure during gestation was calculated for each birth Comment on whether or not the findings of the study can be used to establish causal relationships Since this study is experimental the findings cannot be used to infer causal relationships O Since this study is experimental the findings can be used to infer causal relationships Since this study is observational the results cannot be used to infer causal relationships O Since this study is observational the findings can be used to infer causal relationships None of the above

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