QUESTION #1:  Demolition at the constructionsite accident

A 42 year-old man is admitted to the emergency room having beenin an accident involving a construction site and dynamite. Thepatient was brought to the hospital and it was explained that adetonation they were working on went off too soon and the workerwas thrown to the ground. The patient was seen drinking plenty ofwater throughout the day.

The 42 year-old is conscious, blood pressure is slightly high,her pulse is strong but rapid. The patient is breathing normally.The patient is evidently embarrassed by the events. A nurse asksthe patient to describe what happened and these are the symptomsthat are noticed as the patient tries to explain the events:

1. His speech is slurred and difficult to understand.
2. The left side of his mouth is drooping, and he is drooling butdoes not seem to notice.
3. He is speaking loudly as he explains.
4. He keeps asking everyone to speak up.
5. He has trouble remember the sequence of events.

The patient’s reflexes are checked, including the ability totouch his nose with his eyes closed. His reflexes are normal;however he is unable to touch his nose with his eyes closed. Hismovements seem uncoordinated.

As the examination continues, the nurse discovers thefollowing:

1. His right ear is scraped up from the fall and needs to betreated.
2. His pupils are dilated.
3. The patient complains of a dry mouth.
4. The patient complains of a massive headache, and is holding theright side of his head.
5. The patient has difficulty walking in a straight line.

The nurse believes that the patient has suffered some minorinjuries, and the nurse suspects that the patient most likely has aconcussion.

answer the following questions:

1. Why might his blood pressure be elevated and his pulse berapid?
2. What could be causing his slurred speech?
3. Why might the left side of his lip droop?
4. Why does he not seem to notice the drool? (Use physiologicalreason, not psychological. Although a possible reason could be‘because she has more important things to worry about’, answer thisquestion by applying the physiology learned in modules 6 and7.)

1. Why might he be speaking loudly?
2. Why might he be asking everyone to speak up?
3. Explain why he cannot remember the recent events. (Again, use aphysiological explanation, not a psychological one.)
4. What is the nurse testing by asking the patient to touch hisnose with his eyes close?
5. What does it mean for the patient who cannot touch his nosewith his eyes closed?
6. What could explain why his pupils are dilated?
7. What explains the dry mouth?
8. What might explain the problems with balance?
9. Make a list of the symptoms of a concussion.
10. What are some recommended treatments for a concussion?
11. What parts of the patients brain may have suffered an injurybased on his symptoms?

QUESTION #2:

Increased need to urinate while swimming.

A friend of yours has twin 5 year old girls and loves to takethem to the pool. You friend tells you, however that the mostannoying thing is that although the girls are asked to pee beforegoing into the pool, they generally say they don't have to pee,just to ask to go pee 5 minutes after being in the pool! \"What's upwith that?!\" your friend asks, \"Could there be something wrong withthe girls, are they just being mischievous? Do you think I shouldtake them to the doctor to see if there is a problem with theirbladders? It only ever happens when they go into the pool\". As aphysiology student, apply your knowledge to explain why the girlstend to have to pee when they go swimming.

Question 1) Using your knowledge of physiology and circulation,how does the body respond if it gets cold, as would be the caseduring swimming?

1. Which receptor is responsible for detecting cold?
2. What pathway does the information travel up to the brain?
3. Where in the brain is the information received?
4. To conserve heat, where will blood be directed? To the limbs,or to the vital organs?
5. How is blood directed?

Question 2) Now that we know where blood is being directed whenthe body gets cold, how does that affect the following?

1. Blood pressure
2. Cardiac output
3. ANS
4. Osmoreceptors, Posterior Pituitary and ADH

Questions 3) How do the kidneys respond to the changes that canoccur in blood pressure, cardiac output, ANS, Osmoreceptor,Posterior Pituitary and ADH, as noted in the previousquestions?

1. How do the kidneys respond to changes in blood pressure?
2. How do the kidneys respond to changes in cardiac output andblood volume?
3. How do the kidneys respond to changes in ANS?
4. How do the kidneys respond to changes detected byosmoreceptors?
5. What hormones regulate water uptake in the kidneys?
6. What are water channels called?
7. In which part (s) of the nephron is water absorbed?

Question 4) Now that you have applied your knowledge, what canyou tell your friend about their question? Is there somethingwrong? (Yes or no). What is your diagnosis?

QUESTION#3:

• Reproduction Case Study -

  A 33 year old woman and her 32 year old husband havebeen trying to have a baby for over a year. Unfortunately, theyhave not yet been able to conceive. The woman has been tracking hercycle and does not have a regular 28 day cycle. Both husband andwife are somewhat healthy, non-smokers and occasional drinker,although the women has given up drinking since they have startedtrying for a baby.

  1. Since the women does not have a regular cycle, you first wantto determine if she is ovulating. You decide to test her hormonallevels.
  1. Where are gonadotropins produced?
  2. What hormones signal the production of gonadotropins?
  3. What hormones signal the release of gonadotropins?
  4. On which tissues do gonadotropins act in the female body?
  5. What hormonal surge causes ovulation?
  6. How is the hormonal surge produced?
  7. In what phase of the menstrual cycle does the surge begin tooccur?
  8. How does the hormonal surge cause ovulation?
     1. Where are mature sperm stored?
     2. What hormone contributes to the development of the vasdeferens?
     3. When does the development of the vas deferens occur?
     4. What structure would you look for to determine if the sperm wasmature?
     5. How many chromosomes does mature sperm have?
     6. What hormone helps to maintain the pregnancy?
     7. How does it help to maintain the pregnancy?
  9. You determine that the woman is not ovulating regularly, whichis perhaps due to low levels of estrogen. After furtherinvestigation you determine that her family has a history of highcholesterol, she avoids eating many types of foods, including fatsand cholesterol. This lack of cholesterol has lead to a loss ofnormal estradiol production, and an irregular menstrual cycle.  
  10. What structures produces estrodiol?
  11. How does cholesterol play a role in producing estrodiols?
  12. Production of which other hormones may have been affected bylow cholesterol levels?
  1. The woman receives proper nutritional consultation and adjustsher diet in a healthy way. Her menstrual cycle becomes regular andher hormonal levels indicate that she is ovulating. You nextdetermine whether she is actually ovulating. To do so, you useultrasound imaging to survey her ovaries.
  1. What structure will be present if she has just ovulated?
  2. What hormone does it produce?
  3. What is the hormones role?
  4. What is the structure called after a few weeks postovulation?
  1. The woman does in fact ovulate, so you now determine if herreproductive organs are also functioning and are properlyformed.
  1. In which structure does conception occur?
  2. In which structure does implantation occur?
  1. The woman’s reproductive system is healthy and no longerpresents any obvious issues. However, the couple are still not ableto get pregnant. You now test the husband’s sperm.
  1. What role do the Leydig cells play in sperm production?
  2. What role do the Sertoli cells play in sperm production?
  3. Where is testosterone produced?
  4. What stimulates the production of testosterone?
  5. What prevents the production of testosterone?
  6. What role does the ejaculate play in maintaining spermhealth?
  1. You determine that the husband does not have any sperm, dead oralive, in the ejaculate. You investigate if there is a problem withhis reproductive structures.
  1. What structure links the testes to the urethra?
  2. What role does the blood-testes-barrier play in spermproduction?
  1. You are able to determine that the husband has under developedvas deferens, preventing sperm release. You are able to retrievehealthy sperm and inseminate the woman.   

  Success! The couple is pregnant.

PLEASE ANSWER ALL OF THE ABOVE (physiology)