Question 11 pts

which of the following events turns on/activates T and Bcells?  

Group of answer choices

fever

T and B cells bind to the antigen (epitope) that theyrecognize

Release of type-1 interferons

antibodies bind to T and B cells

complement activation

Question 21 pts

under NORMAL circumstances, which of the following is NOT anantigen (or not likely to be an antigen)?

Group of answer choices

molecules bound by TCR

molecules bound by soluble antibodies and BCR

viral or bacterial components

host/self molecules

molecules that the immune system (T and B cells) can recognize,bind and respond to

Question 31 pts

which of the following does NOT describe anantibody molecule:

Group of answer choices

is made by a B cell

has two antigen-binding sites

can bind to 2 different antigens/epitopes at once

Its stem (Fc region) can activate complement or stimulate cellsof the innate defences to respond (e.g.,damage eukaryotic pathogensor do phagocytosis)

binds to ONE specific antigen/epitope/microbe

Question 41 pts

opsonization:

Group of answer choices

is something that ANTI-BIOTICS (instead of anti-bodies) do tobacteria to control or eliminate them

helps/facilitates phagocytosis

is something done by anti-BODIES (immunoglobulins) only

is defined as preventing microbes or toxins from attaching toour cells

is NOT done by complement

Question 51 pts

the class-2 pathway of antigen presentation isused for:  

Group of answer choices

displaying antigen so CD4 T cell can bind it

used for displaying “endogenous” antigens

displaying components of microbes that live or replicate insidean infected cell (i.e., in the cytosol)

displaying antigen so CD8 T cell can bind it

displaying antigen so dendritic cells can bind it

displaying antigen so B cells can bind it

Question 61 pts

which of the following is a role of the lymphatic system:

Group of answer choices

transports type-1 interferons to site of infection

transports complement to site of infection

causes the symptoms and signs of inflammation (such as rednessand swelling)

brings microbes/antigens into contact with T and B cells

Question 71 pts

the differential white blood cell count:

Group of answer choices

Refers ONLY to the number of T cells and B cells in theblood

is the relative numbers of memory cells and effector cells inthe blood

does NOT change during the course of infection

includes the amount of complement proteins in the blood

can give us an idea of the patient’s condition during aninfection

Question 81 pts

A B-cell that recognizes the spike of covid-19 virus/sars-cov-2makes antibodies that bind:

Group of answer choices

any protein component of covid-19 virus, not just the spike

the RNA polymerase of the covid-19 virus

the RNA polymerase of any RNA virus

the spike of the flu virus only

spike of the covid-19 virus only

Question 91 pts

T and B cells are active/functional ALL the TIME, even whenthere is no infection nor exposure to microbe that T or B cellsrecognize

Group of answer choices

True

False

Question 101 pts

worms and eukaryotic pathogens are mainly controlled by:  

Group of answer choices

phagocytosis

the humoral immune response ONLY

cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

cytokines & enzymes from Th/T helper cells

Type 1 interferons and inflammation

antibodies and cells of the innate defences (ADCC)

Question 111 pts

A CTL/activated CD8T cell that recognizes the replicase enzymeof the hepatitis b virus can destroy:

Group of answer choices

cells of the body infected by any pathogen

cells of the body infected by covid-19

cells of the body infected hepatitis b virus that is presentingepitopes of the replicase enzyme

B cell displaying hepatitis b replicase epitope by the class-2pathway

uninfected cells of the body

cells of the body infected by hepatitis b that is presentingepitopes of the heptatitis b spike protein ONLY

Question 121 pts

which antigen is mostly likely to be displayed by theclass-1 pathway of antigen presentation?

Group of answer choices

viral proteins made inside infected cell

bacterial exo-enzyme

components of microbe that has entered the antigen presentingcell via a vesicle (i.e., entered the cell via endocytosis)

components of bacteria found in body fluids or extracellularspace

bacterial exo-toxin

Question 131 pts

Infection by the flu virus turns on:

Group of answer choices

only T and B cells that recognize the flu virus

all T and B cells that recognize viruses (not just ones thatrecognize the flu virus)

all T cells only

all B cells only

all T cells and B cells

Innate defences only, not the immune system

Question 141 pts

“activated” (functional) T or B cells that respond to (or“attack”) microbe/antigen during a FUTURE re-exposure to themicrobe are called___. These cells are generated during_____,

(for each choice: the item before the semicolon goes into thefirst space; item after the semicolon goes into the 2nd space.)

Group of answer choices

antigen presenting cells; antigen presentation

phagocytes; inflammation

mast cells; allergies

memory cells; T or B cell activation

effector cells; T or B cell activation

Question 151 pts

B cell activation requires:

Group of answer choices

signals from CD8 T cells (CTL)

signals from CD4 T/Th cells

B cell binding to antigen

B cell binding to antigen and signals from CD4 T/Th cells

B cell making physical contact with Dendritic cells

Question 161 pts

the following should occur when the immune system is re-exposedto a microbe it encountered in the past:

Group of answer choices

B cells should release higher amounts of antibodies and CTLsshould kill more infected cells

the amount of antibodies decline very rapidly-within 2 weeksafter re-exposure to microbe

the T and B cells that recognize the microbe are turned on moreslowly

memory cells are not binding/responding to microbe

Th cells should release lower amounts of cytokines than duringthe primary response

Question 171 pts

what is the role of IgE (E class antibodies):

Group of answer choices

“all-purpose” antibody

protects us during the early part of an infection

prevent microbes from infecting mucus membranes

fighting off worms or other eukaryotic pathogens

Question 181 pts

An antibiotic can be used as a drug:  

Group of answer choices

when it’s shown to have selective toxicity

as soon as it’s discovered

when it is proven NOT to cause resistance in bacteria

when your instructor says so

when people figure out a way to modify it so that bacteriacannot overcome them

Question 191 pts

one reason that secondary/memory responses are stronger thanprimary responses is because there are more cells that recognizeand respond to the antigen/microbe in a secondary response

Group of answer choices

True

False

Question 201 pts

what is the advantage of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

Group of answer choices

controls spread of resistance by wiping out resistantbacteria

they specifically kill pathogenic bacteria

keep patients alive until pathogen is identified

they are also effective against diseases caused by viruses

helps to maintain normal flora population