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In recent years, cyberwar has left the realm of science fictionand has become the cold, hard reality of the modernage. Everystatistic having to do with the increase in frequency and size ofcyberattacks is on the rise. In 2015,hackers targeted eBay, HomeDepot, JPMorgan Chase, Anthem Health, and even the White House,exposingpersonal information belonging to thousands of customers ofthese companies. But unlike past examples ofwarfare, the onlinebattlefield doesn’t just belong to the strongest nations,althoughthe U.S., China, and Russia are all actively engaged in bothoffensiveand defensive cyberwar efforts.The battlefield of theInternet has reduced differences between the strongest and weakestnations to a significant degree, and even one of thepoorestcountries on earth, North Korea, was alleged to haveexecuted a successful attack on Sony’s U.S. division, stealing,releasing, and destroying terabytes of private data. The reasonbehind the attack was the pending release of the movie TheInterview, a comedy starring James Franco and Seth Rogen whichdepicts the assassination of Korean leader Kim Jong-un. Ananonymous group calling themselves the “Guardians of Peace”orchestrated the attack, wreakinghavoc on Sony’s entireorganization and insisting that The Interview be canceled.Sony eventually canceled the New York City premiere of the filmandother major theater chains balked at screening the film.Althoughthe film was eventually released across a very low number oftheatersand featured major revisions to the plot, the attackerswere largely successful intheir goals.Between bot networks, DDoSattacks, Trojans, phishing, ransomware, data theft, identity theft,credit card fraud, and spyware, there’s no shortage of waysforcybercriminals to make an impact online. However, as cybersecurityexpert Amy Zertag explains in this video, the difference betweenthese types ofattacks, which can be extremely annoying to thevictims and have major implications for e-commerce, and the nextwave of cyberattacks, which havethe potential to damage or destroyimportant components of nationalinfrastructure, issignificant.Restoring a stolen identity is annoying, as anybody who’s had to doitunderstands. Canceling or interfering with a movie release hasdire implications forcreative expression. But attacks to systemssuch as self-driving car guidance systems, airplanes, or municipalpower and water supplies, all of which are increasingly becomingcomputerized and automated, could have much more seriousconsequences.The Stuxnet worm, which destroyed thousands of Iraniannuclear centrifugesin an effort by the U.S. and Israel to crippleIran’s nuclear program, was an example of this type of attack inaction. While it was successful in this regard,it was also a proofof concept of this type of attack, and similar attacks havebeenmade against industrial control modules,computer systems, andnetworks. The world is moving towards the Internet ofThings, whereeveryday objects such as TVs, thermostats, appliances, cars, andother equipment gain the ability to connect to the Internet andshareinformation. The potential applications of these technologiesto improve our livesare limitless, but the Internet of Things alsocreates a whole new area of attack forpotential cybercriminals.

1. What are the three classes of cyberattacks and their effects,according to Zertag?

2. What metaphor does Zertag use to describe the idea thatonline, there are “no safe neighborhoods?” What doesshe mean?

3. What does Zertag mean when she says that the Internet has a“huge attack surface”? How will the “Internet ofThings” exacerbatethis issue?

4. What are the five differences between cyberwarfare andtraditional warfare, according to Zertag?