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The primary cause of \"plastic shrinkage\" cracks is therapid evaporation of water from the surface of the concrete.Immediately after the concrete has been placed, the particleswithin the concrete begin to settle. When the particles settle, thewater within the concrete displaces and rises to the top. Thisprocess is better known as \"bleeding.\" Not all of the water withinthe concrete displaces. Under most weather conditions, some of thewater on the surface of the concrete evaporates. The rate ofevaporation depends on factors such as the temperature of theconcrete, temperature of the air, relative humidity, and windvelocity surrounding the concrete. Table 1 shows how differentweather conditions and properties effect the rate of evaporation.The highest evaporation rates are obtained when the concrete andair temperatures are high, when the relative humidity of the air islow, when the concrete temperature is high compared to the airtemperature, and when a strong wind is blowing over the surface ofthe concrete. The rapid evaporation of water at the surface is mostassociated with placing concrete in hot weather conditions.However, plastic shrinkage cracks can also form in cold weatherconditions when the temperature of the concrete is high comparedwith the surrounding air temperature. When the temperature at thesurface creates an evaporation rate that exceeds the rate of waterproduced by the bleeding process, the water film disappears and thetop surface of the concrete begins to shrink. When the evaporationrate exceeds1.0 kilogram per square meter per hour, it is almostcertain that plastic shrinkage cracks will develop (Figure 1). Whenthe evaporation rate is greater than 0.5 kilogram per square meterper hour cracking is possible.
Plastic shrinkage cracks typically occur on horizontalsurfaces exposed to the atmosphere. These cracks are different fromother early cracks because they are deeper and wider. Plasticshrinkage cracks are typically two to four inches deep andapproximately one-eighth inch wid.
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