Please indicate whether the claim reported in the headline belowis most likely to be normative (i.e., how things ought to be),descriptive (i.e., a snapshot of how the world is), or causal(i.e., independent variable has an effect on dependentvariable).   

Survey shows that Trump voters were older, whiter, and lesslikely to live in urban areas than Clinton voters.

The United States government should guarantee a basic income toevery citizen.

Higher levels of democracy are correlated with lower levels ofcorruption.

Mobilization phones calls increase voter turnout by 2 percentagepoints.

Public assistance programs make recipients no less likely toobtain work

Countries that sign human rights treaties are less likely to beaccused of war crimes.

Teachers with subject matter degrees (e.g., biology, English,Spanish) are more effective in the classroom and lead students toperform better on standardized tests than teachers with educationdegrees only.

Because it the United States spends more than the next twelvehighest spending countries combined, the US should spend less onthe military.

Study shows that the cost to produce a penny exceeds its value;therefore, the United States ought to remove it fromcirculation.

Summertime signals a rise in ice cream sales and the murder rate– Is there a connection?