Most automobile industry executives also think there is an oversupply of autos and trucks relative to consumer demand. When supply exceeds demand, there will be downward pressure on selling price, and this forces Star's management to introduce two kinds of "incentive" programs: cash-back and special low rate financing. Cash-back incentive means offering discounts on the listed price of a car, for example offering US$5000 off a USS26,000 car. Special low-rate financing means lending money to car buyers at below-bank interest rates. Star may offer a combination of both kinds of incentive programs. Incentives are assumed a permanent feature of automobile marketing, and there are two levels of incentives (row 12): Stable (S) - if competition is not fierce such that incentives are expected to be at normal levels. Up (U) - if competition is intense such that aggressive incentives (that means high price discounts and/or very low interest rate financing) are expected. Levels of incentives can vary from year to year. If incentives level is expected to be S for year 2020, S for year 2021 and U for year 2022, then the pattern SSU would be entered in cells C12 to E12. Star has its own finance unit whose activity has been lending money to car buyers. This division borrows money at low interest rates in credit markets or from the company's bankers, and can make profits when lending this money to car buyers at higher interest rates. For example, the finance unit borrows money at 5% interest rate from its bank and then make loans to car buyers at 6% to 8% interest rate, thus Star makes money in the form of interest earned on car loans to car buyers. However, in periods of aggressive incentives with low-rate financing being offered to car buyers, Star's finance unit loses money because it lends money at a rate less than the rate Star borrows at. Star's finance unit also handles general corporate borrowings as well. For example, Star may want to borrow US$100 million to build a new manufacturing plant, then it would negotiate with the company's bankers to borrow money, or it would go to Wall Street to sell bonds to raise money. All bond issuers are rated by independent credit analysis agencies. The ratings are intended as a measure of how likely a company is to pay off existing debts (interest and principle). A poor rating would reduce investor confidence and would mean that Star would have to borrow money at higher interest rates. A high rating would increase investor confidence in Star and means Star can borrow money at lower interest rates. Thus, credit agency rating greatly affects interest rates in the bond market, and it has two values for Star (cell B10): Weak (B) - if competition is fierce and Star is in great deht . Weak (B) - if competition is fierce, and Star is in great debt such that the rating is not expected to improve in the near future. - Junk (J) - this is the lowest rating in the bond market if Star worsens nearly to default and requires government bailout. The credit agency rating entered in cell BIO applies to all three forecast years 2020 to 2022. Increased competition also has effect on the number of car unit sales. The unit car sales increase factor in row 11 allows a decimal percentage change in unit car sales in a year to be entered. For example, if unit car sales were expected to go up 5%, then 0.05 would be entered for that year. If sales were expected to fall 7%, then -0.07 would be entered for that year. The following constants (rows 4 to 7) for the forecast are described below: Tax rate: The corporate tax rate is expected to be steady at 20% (row 4) for the next three years (2020-2022). . Minimum cash needed to start next year: Star's policy is to have at least USSI0 million cash on hand at the end of each year, in order to start next year's business (row 5), and thus this is the minimum cash needed at the end of cach year. Unit manufacturing cost reduction factor: Each car requires direct costs, which include raw materials and direct labour during assembly. The average value of a car unit's direct costs is expected to go down 1% a year (row 6) in each of the next three years that is 1% less than previous year). . Fixed costs: Research-and-development costs, advertising and promotion costs and other general administrative costs are considered as fixed costs because these costs do not vary much with the number of autos sold. They are expected to be steady in the next three years at US$7 billion a year (row 7). Calculations (rows 19 to 24) are described below: Interest rate on debt (row 20): If the credit agency rating is weak (B) in the next three years, the interest rate paid on debt owed will be 5% in each of the next three years. If the rating is junk-bond (J) status, the interest rate will be 10% in each of the next three years. Average number of car units sold (row 21): The average number of car units sold in a year is based on the prior year's sales units and the unit car sales increase factor (see row 11). Average selling price per unit (row 22): If the level of incentives is expected to be stable (S) in a year, then Star can be expected to raise the average unit selling price per unit 1% over the prior year's price. However, if the level of incentives is expected to be up (U) in a year, the average unit selling price per unit in a year will be 5% less than the prior year's selling price. Direct cost to make a car unit (row 23): The average direct cost to make an automobile in a year is based on the prior year's direct cost to make a car unit, and on the unit manufacturing cost reduction factor. Interest earned per car unit sold (row 24). Majority of car buyers will finance the purchase through Star's finance unit. Financing is a source of income (or loss) to Starr. If the incentives are stable in a year, Star can expect to make on average about USS150 in interest revenue on a unit sold. However, if incentives are up, only about USS20 in interest revenue is earned per unit sold, on average. Income & Cash Flow Statements (rows 26 to 41) are described below: - Cash at the beginning of a year (row 27): this is the cash at the end of previous year. Revenue from auto sales (row 30): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the average selling price per car unit in that year. Revenue from interest earned (row 31): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the interest earned per car unit sold in that year. Total revenue (row 32): This is the total revenue from auto sales and interest earned. Total direct costs of autos sold (row 34): This is based on the average number of car units sold in that year and on the average cost to make a car unit in that year. Fixed costs (row 35): Fixed costs do not vary much with the number of autos sold, and they include research-and- development costs, advertising and promotion costs and other general administrative costs. Total costs (row 36): This is the total of the direct costs and fixed costs in that year. Income before interest and tax (row 37); Before considering tax and interest expense, this is the difference between total revenue and total costs. . Interest expense (row 38): This is a simple interest based on the year's interest rate and the debt owed at the beginning of that year. Income before tax (row 39). Before considering tax, but after considering interest expense, this is the difference between income before interest and tax, and interest expense. Income tax expense (row 40). This is zero if income before tax is zero or less; otherwise, apply the tax rate for the year to the income before tax. -Net income after tax (row 41): This is the difference between income before tax and income tax expense. Net Cash Position (NCP) (row 43): NCP at the end of a year equals the cash beginning of a year, plus the year's net income, assuming that there are no receivables or payables. Assume that Star's bankers will lend enough money (row 44) at the end of a year to get to Star's minimum cash target (see row 5). If the NCP is less than the minimum cash at the end of a year, Star must borrow enough to reach the minimum cash target. Borrowings increase cash on hand. of course. If the NCP is more than the minimum cash and there is outstanding debt from previous year(s), then some or all of the debt should be repaid, but not to take your company below the minimum cash level (row 45). Cash at the end of the year equals the NCP, plus any borrowings and less any repayments (row 46). Debt Owed (rows 48 to 52) is described below: The amount of US$20 billion (cell B52) is already owed to bankers and bondholders at the end of 2019. Debt owed at the beginning of a year equals the debt owed at the end of previous year. Amounts borrowed and repaid that have been calculated before can be echoed to this section. The amount owed at the end of a year equals to the debt owed at the beginning of the year plus any borrowings, and less any repayments. NOTE: Assume there is no typing mistakes in cells B10, C12, D12, E12. Table 1: 'NA' - Not Applicable, meaning no entry is required in the cell. D E CONSTANTS 4 TAX RATE M 02 02 02 5 MINIMUM CASH NEEDED TO START NEXT YEAR NA 10000 6 UNIT MANUFACTURING COST REDUCTION FACTOR 0.01 001 001 7 FIXED COSTS 7000000000 9 INPUTS 200 20 2021 10 CREDIT AGENCY RATING (B - WEAK I = UK) M M M 11 UNIT CAR SALES INCREASE FACTOR (XX) NA 0.01 40 12 INCENTIVES (S = STABLE U = UP) $ U 11 Table 1: continued A D E 19 CALCULATIONS 2019 2020 2012 20 NTEREST RATE ON DEBT NA 22 mars apy paste copy paste 21 MERAGE NUMBER OF CARUNTS SOLD 2125000 23 marts copy paste copy paste 2 AVERAGE SPRING PRICEPERUNT 1920 24 marks cy 221 Table 1: 'NA' = Not Applicable, meaning no entry is required in the cell. C D E SMC CONSTANTS 22 221 22 4 TAX RATE N02 02 02 5 MINUM CASH NEEDED TO START NEXT YEAR 10000 10000 000 UNIT MANUFACTURING COST REDUCTION FACTOR M OM 001 0 7 FRED COSTS 7000 000000 TO000000 NPILS 2001 22 2222 10 CREDIT AGENCY RATING (B=WEAK, J = JUNK) 11 UNIT CAR SALES INCREASE FACTOR (XC) OM 4 12 INCENTIVES (S STABLE UUP) NA 5 5 13 Table 1: continued A B C D E 19 CALCULATIONS 2018 2020 2021 2022 20 INTEREST RATE ON DEBT NA 22 makapy paste copy paste 21 AVERAGE NUMBER OF CARUNTS SOLD 2125000 ? mais copy paste copy paste 22 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE PER UNIT 18700 24 mals copy&paste copy paste 23 AVERAGE COST TO MAKE A CAR UNT 15000 mais copy&paste copy paste 24 NTEREST EARED PER UNT SOLD NA?marks! copy paste copy paste INCOME STATEMENT AND 25 CASHFLOW STATEMENT 2019 2020 2021 2012 27 BEGINNING OF THE YEAR CASH ON HAND NA 2005 mal copy paste copy paste 29 REVENUE 30 AUTO SALES NA man! copy paste copy paste 31 INTEREST EARNED NA 211 mars copy paste copy paste 32 TOTAL REVENUE NA 21 mars copy paste copy paste 39 COSTS 34 COST OF AUTOS SOLD NA ? man copy paste copy paste 35 FRED COSTS NA 75 mai copy paste copy paste 36 TOTAL COSTS NA? copy paste copy paste 37 INCONE BEFORE INTEREST ANOTAX NA 21 mars copy paste copy paste 38 NTEREST EXPENSE NA 2 copy paste copy paste 39 NOONE BEFORE TAX NA man copy paste copy paste 40 INCOME TAX EXPENSE NA copy paste copy paste 41 NET INCOME AFTER TAX NA copy paste copy paste INET CASH POSITION (NCP) BEFORE BORROWING AND REPAYMENT OF DEBT BEG OF YR CASH NET INCOME 44 AOD BORROWING FROM BAK 45 LESS REPAYMENT TO BANK 46 EQUALS BIND OF THE YEAR CASH ON HAND 43 DEBTOWED 49 BEGINNING OF THE YEAR DEBT OWED 5000 BORROWNG FROM BAIK 51 LESS REPAYMENT TOBAK 52 EQUALS END-OF-THE-YEAR DEBT OWED Section B (40 marks) NA 7 mall copy paste copy paste NA?marks copy paste copy paste NA 25 mars! copy paste copy paste 10000000 [mar copy paste copy paste 2019 2020 2021 2012 NA 71 man! copy paste copy paste NA 2 m copy paste copy paste NA 21 mai copy paste copy paste 2000000000 | mall copy paste copy paste Question B1 (5 marks): "The use of computers information technology (IT) internet