Literature review on floods - find recent high impact journal papers Background of study area - include...

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Civil Engineering

Literature review on floods - find recent high impactjournal papers
Background of study area - include images or photos (ifavailable
History of floods
Causes and effects of flood
Identification of flood area
Propose flood mitigation plan
Structural approach
Non-structural approach

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Floodand Drought Management through Water Resources Development inIndiantroductionWe know that water isnecessary both for sustainable human development and for thehealthy functioning of the planets ecosystem Availability offreshwater globally however is limited Out of the 27 per cent ofa total amount of 1 400 million km3 of freshwater the majorportion occurs in the form of permanent snow cover or deep aquifersand only a small fraction is available for useAlthough India has tosupport 16 per cent of the worlds population and 15 per cent oflivestock we have only 24 per cent of the land and 4 per cent ofthe water resources of the world Out of about 4 000 km3 ofprecipitation in a year as much as 3 000 km3 comes as rainfall ina short monsoon period of three to four months from June toSeptember The distribution of the water thus available is notuniform and is highly uneven in both space and time The averageannual water resource potential of the country is estimated to be 1869 km3 Due to hydrological topographical and geologicallimitations however only 690 km3 of surface water can be utilizedby conventional storage and diversion structures The annualrecharge of groundwater is 433 km3Two major problemsfaced by the country are drought and floods which are discussed inthe succeeding paragraphsFloods and droughtToday droughts andfloods are a common feature and their coexistence poses a potentthreat which cannot be eradicated but has to be managed Transferof the surplus monsoon water to areas of water deficit is apotential possibility This would also help create additionalirrigational potential the generation of hydropower as well asovercoming regional imbalancesThe recurrence ofdrought and famines during the second half of the 19th centurynecessitated the development of irrigation to give protectionagainst the failure of crops and to reduce largescale expenditureon famine reliefFloods in IndiaFloods are recurrentphenomena in India Due to different climatic and rainfall patternsin different regions it has been the experience that while someparts are suffering devastating floods another part is sufferingdrought at the same time With the increase in population anddevelopment activity there has been a tendency to occupy thefloodplains which has resulted in damage of a more serious natureover the years Often because of the varying rainfalldistribution areas which are not traditionally prone to floodsalso experience severe inundation Thus floods are the single mostfrequent disaster faced by the countryFlooding is caused bythe inadequate capacity within the banks of the rivers to containthe high flows brought down from the upper catchments due to heavyrainfall Flooding is accentuated by erosion and silting of theriver beds resulting in a reduction of the carrying capacity ofriver channels earthquakes and landslides leading to changes inriver courses and obstructions to flow synchronization of floodsin the main and tributary rivers retardation due to tidal effectsencroachment of floodplains and haphazard and unplanned growth ofurban areas Some parts of the country mainly coastal areas ofAndhra Pradesh Orissa Tamil Nadu and West Bengal experiencecyclones which are often accompanied by heavy rainfall leading tofloodingArea prone to floodIn 1980 Rashtriya BarhAyog National Commission on Floods assessed the total area liableto flooding in the country as 40 million hectares ha whichconstitutes oneeighth of the countrys total geographical areaThe Working Group on Flood Control Programme set up by the PlanningCommission for the Tenth Five Year Plan put this figure at 4564million ha About 80 per cent of this area ie 32 million hacould be provided with a reasonable degree ofprotectionDamage from floodsMore significant thanthe loss of life and damage to property is the sense of insecurityand fear in the minds of people living in the floodplains Theaftereffects of flood such as the suffering of survivors spreadof disease nonavailability of essential commodities and medicinesand loss of dwellings make floods the most feared of the naturaldisasters faced by humankindFlooddamageMaximumAverageArea affected175 million ha 1978763 million haCrop area affected1015 million ha 1988356 million haPopulation affected7045 million 19783292 MillionHouses damaged3 507 542 19781 234 616Heads of cattle lost618 248 197991 242Human lives lost1 1316 19771 560Damage to publicutilitiesUS 705 million 1998US 126 millionTotal damageUS 1 255 million 1998US 307 millionHeavy flood damage wasinflicted during the monsoon of 1955 1971 1973 1977 1978 19801984 1988 1989 1998 2001 and 2004 Highlights of the damage aregiven belowFloodprone areas areshown in the mapFloodprone areas areshown in the mapDroughtDrought is a recurrentnatural feature which results from the lack of precipitation overan extended period of time eg a season or several years It isa temporary deviation of rainfall and moisture conditions from themean thus differing from aridity and seasonal aridity It is acreeping phenomenon and unlike other hazards can last for monthsand in severe cases years Drought affects virtually all climaticregions and more than onehalf of the Earth is susceptible todroughts every year Regions with higher variability of rainfalland runoff are more vulnerable Depending on the likely impact thephenomenon of drought can be categorized in several ways such asmeteorological hydrological and agricultural The spatial extentof drought is much greater than for any other hazard and is notlimited to basin or political boundaries Long lasting droughtslead to degradation of soil plant and animal habitats and socialdisruptionDuring a severe droughtin 19171918 the Jhelum River in Kashmir dried up completely Outof the 328 million ha geographical area of India 107 million hanearly onethird spread over administrative districts in severalstates is affected by drought It includes about 39 per cent ofcultivable land and about 29 per cent of our population India hasexperienced 22 major droughts during the last 131 years The 2002drought one of the severest in India affected 56 per cent of itsgeographical area the livelihoods of 300 million people and 150million cattle in 18 states The Government of India had to providerelief amounting to about US 4500 millionWaterresources development inIndiaIndias population ofabout 1 billion 2001 census is expected to stabilize at about 16billion by 2050 This would require some 450 million tones of foodgrain annually The basic needs for water of rural and urbanpopulations and cattle as well as industry and environment andecological management also have to be met taking into accountlanduse policies degradation of water resources depletion ofaquifers etc To this end longterm planning of the utilizationof the countrys water resources is required to meet the variouscompeting demands on a sustainable basis The strategy formitigating the effects of drought and floods is the optimaldevelopment of scarce water resourcesAfter independenceplanned development of water resources was taken up mainly throughthe creation of storage projects as well as extension renovationand modernization of existing projects So far storage capacity ofsome 213 billion m3 has been created in the country and projectsunder construction will increase this to 289 billion m3 A See Answer

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