Learning Objectives

1. Understand when and how Chi-square testing isused.
2. Become proficient with the Chi-square analysis inSPSS.
3. Gain more experience with customizing statisticalcalculations in Excel.
4. Perform a basic interpretation of a Chi-Squareanalysis.

Using Chi Square

Using a statistical test without having a good idea of what itcan and cannot do means that you may misuse the test. This alsomeans that you won't have a clear grasp of what your results reallymean. We know that there are basically two types of randomvariables and they yield two types of data: numerical andcategorical. Up to this point in class, we've focusedmostly on numerical data. A Chi-square(X²) analysis is used to investigate whetherdistributions of categorical variables differ from one another. Wedo this by comparing observed frequencies in different categoriesof one or more independent variables. Then, we compare theseobserved frequencies with expected frequencies and determine ifthere is a significant, proportional difference in the frequencycounts of the different categories.

About Your Data

A Psychologist is interested in looking at the personalitytraits of Business majors. She administers the Big Five personalityinventory to 258 Business majors at her university. For eachparticipant, their strongest personality trait was determined andtallied in the corresponding category. The results she obtained arereported below. The psychologist has brought you in to analyze herdata. You will need to perform a Chi-square test of goodness offit.

	Open	Conscientious	Extrovert	Agreeable	Neurotic
Participants	41	52	46	61	58

Instructions

In this lab, you will be completing a Chi-square test in bothSPSS and Excel. You will interpret your results. You will submitscreenshots and your interpretations.

Chi-Square In SPSS

1. Open SPSS.

2. Enter the personality data in SPSS as per theinstructions in the video tutorial.
3. Perform a Chi-square, goodness of fit analysis, as per theinstructions in the video tutorial.
4. Assess your output from the analysis. You should see threetables: Descriptives, Frequencies, and TestStatistics. By this point in the semester, you should be ableto quickly determine whether you will reject or fail to reject thenull hypothesis for this study.
5. Take a screenshot showing your output. I'm most interested inseeing the Test Statistics table.
6. Near the end of the SPSS tutorial, you will see Todd offerconclusions that look a lot like the ones we have practiced inother labs. Use these conclusions as a template to write upyour own. Please make sure that your conclusions are clear, correctand free of grammatical mistakes.

Chi-Square In Excel

1. Open Microsoft Excel.

2. Open the Chi-Square in Excel video above. Using thepersonality data listed in the previous section, followthe steps in the video exactly. Perform all of the same steps. Thiswill be more like a computer-assisted walkthrough of Chi-square.The only thing you don't need to worry about is highlighting rowsand columns with color, though I would encourage you to do so. Ifyou run into problems, you might try searching YouTube for othervideos providing similar tutoring.

3. When you have completed the Excel analysis, check yourChi-square statistic with the one calculated in SPSS. Do theymatch? They should.
4. Take a Screenshot of your Excel spreadsheet with the completedwork. It should look like the one in the Excel video.