Lab Activity 4: Identifying APA Style inJournals

For this activity, please read the following question that areanswer at the bottom and answer the following questions at the top.( Note: At the bottom there already answer there that you can useto help you out with solving the answer)

Lee, K., Talwar, V., McCarthy, A., Ross, I., Evans, A., &Arruda, C. (2014). Can classic moral stories promote honesty inchildren? Psychological Science, 25, 1630-1636.

1. After reading through the abstractof the article, answer the following questions.

           a. How many studies were conducted in this article? What were thestudies about?

  b. Who were theparticipants of the studies?

     c. Ingeneral, what was presented to the participants of the studies? Isthis an independent or dependent variable?

     d. Ingeneral, what was the dependent variable of the studies?

  e. In general, what werethe results of the first study? What were the results of the secondstudy?

2. The first part of the articlereflects which section of an APA style paper?

3. In the Method section of the firststudy, what were the two subsections of this section? Brieflydescribe what each subsection focused on.

4. What information did you learn from the Results section ofthe first study?

5. Looking at Experiment 2, why did they decide to conduct asecond study?

6. Looking at the Method section, how were the participants thesame as the previous study? How were they different?

7. What procedures were different in the second study than inthe first study?

8. What were the results of the second study?

9. Briefly summarize what they talked about in the GeneralDiscussion section?

----------Information that can be used to help with question forthis topic.

Explain why, specifically, the three stories utilized inExperiment 1 were chosen as modes of researching honesty inchildren for this experiment. How do these stories differ from eachother in a way that can be accurately tested? [Introduction] Theexperimenters chose these stories because parents and teachersregularly use them to promote honesty in children. The threestories use different methods to promote honesty; one promoteshonestly in immediate negative consequence (Pinocchio’s nose growsimmediately); one teaches that the consequences to lying arelong-term (the boy who cries wolf lies so often that no onebelieves him when the wolf finally comes); the last teachespositive consequences of honesty (George Washington’s fatherrewards and commends him after he confesses to cutting down thecherry tree).

2. Explain the modified temptation-resistance task used in thisexperiment. Do you think this is a good task for measuring lying inchildren? Why or why not? [Methods — Materials and Procedure]Participants played a game with the experimenter that requiredidentifying a type of toy by the sound it made; the children satwith their back to a table, and the experimenter pressed asound-toggle button on a toy. The children were asked to guess whatthe toy was. Then, the experimenter said that s/he needed to get abook from the car, placed a new toy on the table, and instructedthe participant not to look at the toy. Then, the experimenterreturned with a book and read the story that matched the condition.Afterwards, the experimenter asked the children if they peeked atthe toy while the experimenter was gone. Responses to the opinionportion of the question will vary.

3. What were the hypotheses for the three stories presented? Besure to differentiate these predictions between the younger andolder children. The authors predicted that the cheaters who heard“the boy who cried wolf” would be more included than cheaters whoheard the other stories to confess to cheating (due to the fatalconsequences of lying in the story). They also predicted thiseffect would only be seen in older children because they have abetter understanding of death. They expected that children whoheard “Pinocchio” would be more likely to confess their cheatingbehavior across age groups, because the consequences of lying (inthis case) involve public humiliation – something that should berelatable across age groups. They also predicted that “GeorgeWashington and the Cherry Tree” would be effective in promotinghonesty across age groups because the story features the benefitsof honesty.

4. Explain the purpose behind why “The Tortoise and the Hare”was used in this experiment. The story “The Tortoise and the Hare”was told in the control condition, because it didn’t involve lyingnor discussed the consequences.

5. The children in Experiment 1 were coded into three separategroups. What were these and how was this coding procedureconducted? Non-Peekers, Peekers who lied (liars), and Peekers whoconfessed (confessors). Peeking was operationalized as the presenceor absence of a 90o head turn when the researcher was away. Peekerswho confessed when the researcher asked, were coded as confessors;peekers who lied when the researcher asked were coded as liars.

6. Based on the results from Experiment 1, what answer did theauthors get to their research question? The researchers found thathearing “George Washington and the Cherry Tree” promoted honesty inchildren.

7. What was added for Experiment 2, and what was the purpose ofadding this factor? The authors changed the story slightly in Exp2, because they hypothesized that the GW story promoted honesty byillustrating the benefits of honesty, rather than the implicationsof dishonesty. To test this, they added a new GW story conditionbut changed the classic ending to focus on the implications oflying.