• Know-how p53 is activated during the cell cycle and what twooutcomes are possible – know the signaling pathways (you do nothave to know how PUMA induces apoptosis, just that it does)

• Know the types of chemical modulators of receptors –agonist/antagonist

• Know the G-protein-linked signaling pathway – how it isactivated and what happens downstream – be able to describe thesignaling pathways that lead to PKA and PKC activation

• Know the tyrosine-kinase signaling pathway – how it isactivated and what happens downstream

• Be able to explain a dominant-negative mutant and constitutivemutant receptor in signaling

• Know the types of cell junctions

• Difference between a benign and malignant tumor

• “Seed & soil” hypothesis of cancer metastasis

• Know & describe the 10 hallmarks of cancer

• Know the four most common causes of cancer

• Know the difference between an oncogene and a tumorsuppressor

• Understand the immune surveillance theory

• Know the phases of the cell cycle and what occurs at eachstage

• Know where the checkpoints (restriction points) occur in thecell cycle and what influences each checkpoint

• Understand the role of cyclins and CDKs – which one isregulatory and which one has the enzyme activity