In part two you will submit a copy of the notes you have made for the...

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Physics

In part two you will submit a copy of the notes you have madefor the following sections of the ARRT content specifications (5points):
1. Radiation Physics and Radiobiology
A. Principles of Radiation Physics
1. x-ray production
a. source of free electrons (e.g., thermionic emission)
3. x-ray beam
â€‹b. beam characteristics
â€‹â€‹1. quality
â€‹â€‹2. quantity
â€‹â€‹3. primary versus remnant (exit)
â€‹â€‹ 4. photon interactions with matter
â€‹â€‹â€‹a. Compton effect
â€‹â€‹â€‹b. photoelectric interaction
â€‹â€‹â€‹d. attenuation by various tissues
â€‹â€‹â€‹â€‹1. thickness of body part
â€‹â€‹â€‹â€‹2. type of tissue (atomic number)

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4.3 Ratings (714 Votes)

1Radiation Physics andRadiobiologyA Principles of radiationphysicsElectromagnetic radiation is energytransmitted at a fixed velocity through sinusoidally varyingelectric and magnetic fields The frequency of variation of thisenergy represented by the Greek letter is the number ofoscillations per second measured in hertz Hz The wavelength is the distance in meters between two crests of the sine wave Thevelocity of propagation of the radiation is the product of thewavelength and the frequency which in a vacuum is equal to thespeed of light c 3 108 msecThe range of wavelengths encounteredin conventional physics is from 105 m for AM radiowaves to 107 m for visible light to 1012m for xrays and cosmic rays Although electromagnetic radiation isconventionally described as waves of energy quantum physics tellsus that it is equally valid to describe the radiation asparticlelike packets of energy called photons Experiments thatscatter xrays off particles have been used to validate thisconcept In general the shorter wavelength radiation is moreparticlelike than the longer wavelength radiation The energy ofa photon is directly proportional to the frequency of theradiation with a constant of proportionality called Plancksconstant That is E h where h 6626 1034 Jsand the energy is in JoulesHenri Becquerel discovered naturalradioactivity in 1896 when he observed the blackening of wrappedphotographic plates when they were placed in contact with certainelements This event was preceded by the discovery of an invisibleform of energy dubbed xrays by Rntgen who observed the glowingof fluorescent material placed near a gas discharge tubeWe now understand that Becquerelobserved the natural decay of radioactive nuclei into one of threetypes of radiation positively charged alpha particles whichwe now know are helium nuclei negatively charged beta particles which are electrons and uncharged gammarays which are atype of electromagnetic radiation emitted from nuclei It isentirely possible that Becquerel also observed other types ofelementary particles that can exist in the nucleus or can beproduced in nuclear decay processesThe explanation of nuclear decaydepends on understanding the interplay between the very strongattractive nuclear force that binds the neutrons and protonstogether in the nucleus and the moderately strong repulsiveelectromagnetic force between the protons As the protons andneutrons move about within the nucleus there is some probabilitythat one of them will acquire enough kinetic energy to escape fromthe nuclear potential energy well Large nuclei with manyneutrons and protons tend to be less stable because of theincreasing repulsion of the protons For large nuclei to be stablean excess of neutrons is required to provide the nuclear attractionto keep the protons from escaping2 X ray productionA Source of freeelectronsMost radiotherapy is delivered withbeams of xrays that are produced as a result of the interactionsof accelerated electrons with matter This can be either throughexcitation or ionization of See Answer

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