Immunology Describe 2 ways that ubiquitinylation regulates signaling either positively or negatively. What is the role of guanine...

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Biology

Immunology
Describe 2 ways that ubiquitinylation regulates signaling eitherpositively or negatively.
What is the role of guanine nucleotide exchange factors ininitiating signaling and what kind of signaling pathway do theyinitiate?
What is the target of LCK on the CD3 molecule and how does thatinfluence the initiation of signaling when the TCR bindsantigen?
Distinguish the roles of SH3 ligands and CD45 in the regulationof SRC family kinases
Explain how PLCgamma is activated and what the outcome of thatactivation produces.
What three transcription factors enter the nucleus whensufficient TCR signaling occurs and how does that lead to clonalexpansion of antigen specific T cells?

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Ubiquitin is a small protein that can be covalently linked to lysine residues of proteins targeted for intracellular degradation by proteasomes The Mechanism of Ubiquitination The 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin is first activated by a ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 in an ATP dependent process An E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme then transfers activated ubiquitin via a thioester bond to a cysteine residue in its active site The ubiquitinproteasome system exists in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus and is responsible for the degradation of many shortlived cellular proteins Ubiquitination of the target protein can occur on an amino group of an internal lysine or on the N terminus of the protein tagged for destruction Lck is a tyrosine kinase that is recruited to the cytoplasmic tails of the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and is thus recruited to the TCR complex upon coreceptor binding to MHC Active Lck directly phosphorylates the immunoreceptor tyrosinebased See Answer

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