Identify the flaws in the reasoning of the researchers in thefollowing two scenarios, and discuss these flaws as completely asyou can given the information provided in the question.
(a) Five hundred students at a randomly selected big-cityelementary school are given a 25-question survey that they are toreturn the next day after their parents have filled it out. One ofthe questions asked of parents is, “Does your work schedule make itdifficult to spend after-school time with your kids?†Among theparents who replied, 85% said “noâ€. Based on these results, theresearchers concluded that the great majority of parents have nodifficulty spending time with their kids after school.
(b) A survey is conducted on a random sample of 1,000 women whorecently gave birth, asking them whether they smoked during thepregnancy. A follow-up survey 3 years later asked if their childrenhave had any respiratory problems. Of the original 1,000 women whogave birth, 567 were reached at the same address and responded tothe follow-up survey. The researcher reported that these 567 womenare representative of all mothers with children under 3 yearsold.
