I want to paraphrase for this papers.

The purpose of this report introduces a useful tool, whichestimates dust emission and dispersion. DUSTRAN is dust emissionand transport model developed by Pacific Northwest NationalLaboratory. According to Shaw (2008), “(DUSTRAN), which calculatesatmospheric dust concentrations that result from both natural andhuman activity.” We show three examples that it was applied toactual situations: dust concentration with observations of winderosion in southeastern Washington, contaminated dust emissionduring high winds in southern Iraq, and transport of sea saltaerosols.

          First, aresearch group (Shaw, et al., 2008) shows both the DUSTRANalgorithm and the comparison of simulated dust concentration withdata at the site. The measurements were made in southeasternWashington to monitor site recovering after a fire that occurred in2001.The DUSTRAN has a dust emissions model for calculatingemissions due to both natural and human activity. Moreover, itmakes possible to get dust emission for specific particle size suchas PM2.5, PM10, and so on. They also explain (Shaw, et al., 2008)the calculation of the atmospheric concentration of particulatematter caused by wind erosion, and it requires soil composition,characteristics of the soil crust vegetation cover, and soilmoisture. They concluded that the comparisons had providedavailability of the DUSTRAN as to estimate dust emission, however,they also suggested the importance of soil moisture data and theweakness of the DUSTRAN that it tends to overestimate PM10 whendust concentrations are low.

         Second,Zannetti, Daly, & Freedman (2015) applies it to air pollutionproblems at Qarmat-Ali, Basra, Iraq, during 2003. Before theirstudy, the soil had been contaminated by sodium dichromate. Sincepeople who worked at the site have claimed that their health wasthreatened by exposure to dust contaminating hexavalent chromium[Cr(VI)], they tried to build a model of the situation. To estimatethe Cr(VI) concentration in the soil, they used the AERMOD modeland the DUSTRAN model. The AERMOD model was used to calculate theambient concentration of PM10/Cr(VI). While the AERMOD is widelyused in the scientific field as a certain technique for estimatingatmospheric transport of pollutants, including particulate matterand any material attached to particles, the author describes that“the AERMOD model is routinely used without any additionalrecalibration with local data, ...” (Zannetti, Daly, &Freedman, 2015). As an improvement of this point, they combined theDUSTRAN that determines the wind erosion at the local site with it.To calculate the emission rate of dust due to wind erosion, DUSTRANgives a threshold value which depends on three parameters extractedfrom a local data: the soil moisture, the soil composition, and thesurface roughness. If the wind velocity is larger than the value ofthe threshold, it assumes that dust is emitted from a source area.In addition to calculating the amount of the dust emission, DUSTRANprovides estimations of the particle size distribution in the dust.And then, DUSTRAN can estimate the amount of particulate mattercontained in the dust emission. They finally concluded that theywere able to perform a partial validation of the model which iscombined generally used model (AERMOD) and the wind erosion process(DUSTRAN), by comparing the simulation outputs with measurementdata at the site.

           Third, Jensen and his research group (Jensen, et al., 2016) provedthe ability of DUSTRAN to model the transport of sea salt aerosols(SSA). By comparing their results from the DUSTRAN simulations withmeteorological data taken at the near coast Maine Yankee NuclearPower Plant (NPP) and the Environmental Protection Agency-measuredCASTNET data from Acadia National Park (NP). As mentioned aboveDUSTRAN includes dispersion models, however, it is not specializedto a specific matter. The author tried to apply it and evaluate itspotential for the modeling of chloride particulate matter by usingone of the general dispersion models: CALPUFF which is suitable formid-size domains of up to 200 km. The author concluded that“Comparisons of simulated and measured data have providedencouragement as to the potential practical value of DUSTRAN inpredicting the dispersion of atmospheric chloride from the SSA”(Jensen, et al., 2016). The author mentioned, more experimentaldata and multiple data sets for DUSTRAN’s input may improveaccuracy of a simulation. In conclusion, we have studiedapplications of DUSTRAN, a dust dispersion modeling systemdeveloped by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, to actualproblems: dust concentration with wind erosion in southeasternWashington, contaminated dust emission in southern Iraq, andtransports of salt salt aerosols. Each research applied a generaldispersion model included in the DUSTRAN system to simulate ownsituation, and proved the potential of it to estimate theconcentration of dust containing an interesting matter such ashexavalent chloride, PM10, and chloride. To get precise results,however, these researches pointed out the importance of the localdata measurements at the site. Because wind velocity and the soilmoisture contribute to the emission rate simulation, localmeasurements at the site should be done carefully not to make lacksof data. Finally, as an application of DUSTRAN to nuclear studyfields, it has a possibility to simulate an atmospherictransportation of dust containing a radionuclide after anaccidental release from nuclear facilities. In this case, it alsoneeds a local meteorological data, so tireless efforts ofmeasurements are an essential factor for simulation.

References

Jensen, P., Tran, T., Fritz, B., Rutz, F., Ross, S., Gorton, A.,. . . Trainor, K. (2016). Preliminary Evaluation of the DUSTRANModeling Suite for Modeling Atmospheric Chloride Transport. AirQuality, Atmosphere & Health,10(1), 25-31.doi:10.1007/s11869016-0404-5

Shaw, W. J., Allwine, K. J., Fritz, B. G., Rutz, F. C., Rishel,J. P., & Chapman, E. G. (2008). An evaluation of the winderosion module in DUSTRAN. Atmospheric Environment,42(8),1907-1921. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.022

Zannetti, P., Daly, A. D., & Freedman, F. R. (2015).Dispersion modeling of particulate matter containing hexavalentchromium during high winds in southern Iraq. Journal of the Air& Waste Management Association, 65(2), 171-185.doi:10.1080/10962247.2014.981317