Humans are bipedal, terrestrial omnivores. As a species, we areadapted to a range of habitats, from deserts to mountains and fromrain forests to tundra. Ultimately, however, we are descended fromearly hominids who evolved in African plains, and our body systemsreflect this. Determine how the osmoregulatory and excretorysystems of a human might be adapted if they had evolved to live inan aquatic freshwater environment.

Consider the following:

• What would be required to maintain water and salt balances, andhow the osmoregulatory and excretory systems would have to changeto compensate? You are encouraged to look up other (non-human; canbe non-mammalian) animals that share these habitats for ideas.
• What if humans had evolved and were adapted to live in veryspecific habitats? In other words, it would still look *basically*like a human but would have some important differences related toits circulatory and/or breathing systems.
• What would these systems of a human that adapted to a differentenvironment look like, and why would it look like this?
• You should consider the following parts and functions of theosmoregulatory and excretory system in your answer: Kidney – size,activity, Bladder - size, Water retention, Nitrogenous waste type(ammonia, urea, uric acid), Anything else you think is important toosmoregulatory and excretory systems.