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Hart Labs, Inc. provides mad cow disease testing for both state and federal governmental agricultural agencies. Because the companys customers are governmental agencies, prices are strictly regulated. Therefore, Hart Labs must constantly monitor and control its testing costs. Shown below are the standard costs for a typical test.

Direct materials (2 test tubes @ $1.46 per tube)		$2.92
Direct labor (1 hour @ $24 per hour)		24.00
Variable overhead (1 hour @ $6 per hour)		6.00
Fixed overhead (1 hour @ $10 per hour)		10.00
Total standard cost per test		$42.92

The lab does not maintain an inventory of test tubes. As a result, the tubes purchased each month are used that month. Actual activity for the month of November 2020, when 1,475 tests were conducted, resulted in the following.

Direct materials (3,050 test tubes)		$4,270
Direct labor (1,550 hours)		35,650
Variable overhead		7,400
Fixed overhead		15,000

Monthly budgeted fixed overhead is $14,000. Revenues for the month were $75,000, and selling and administrative expenses were $5,000. The price and quantity variances for direct materials and direct labor as follows:

Materials price variance		$183	Favorable
Materials quantity variance		$146	Unfavorable
Labor price variance		$1,550	Favorable
Labor quantity variance		$1,800	Unfavorable

(d) Provide possible explanations for each unfavorable variance.

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