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For the following questions, use the research questionand context to determine the type of test required:

1. A researcher is interested in knowing whether the proportionof people who live past the age of 80 differs. She takes a samplefrom the local records of 100 people who had lived in each regionfor at least 40 years. In region X, 44% live past 80 years of age.In region Y, only 38% live past the age of 80. Is this evidence ofa significant difference? * \

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test

2. In a particular community it is know that about 8% ofresidents age 18-25 use recreational marijuana. A social servicesprovider has run a targeted campaign to try to reduce the use ofmarijuana in favor of healthy endorphin-enhancing activities suchas exercise. After the campaign, her team gathers data from asample of 150 residents age 18-25 in the region, 7% of whom saythey use marijuana for recreation. Is this evidence that theproportion has decreased? *

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test

3. A researcher would like to investigate whether a particulardrug shows adverse effects more often for those aged 45 and aboveversus those who are younger. They examine a sample of 400 patientswho have taken the drug and been monitored by a pharmaceuticalagency. For each patient they record the patient's age and examinewhether the patient reported any side effects. *

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test

4. A researcher would like to investigate whether a particulardrug shows higher levels of adverse effects for those aged 45 andabove versus those who are younger. They examine a sample of 400patients who have taken the drug and been monitored by apharmaceutical agency. For each patient they record the patient'sage and examine the rating (on a scale 0-10) the patient reportedfor a possible side effect.

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test

5. In a study conducted in order to investigate the relationshipbetween blood pressure reduction and consumption of fish oil (Knapp& Fitzgerald, 1989; from Phannkuch et al. 2015), researchersrandomly assigned 14 male volunteers with high blood pressure toone of two diets: a fish oil diet and a regular oil diet. Eachparticipant’s blood pressure was measured at the beginning and endof the study, and the reduction (Pre – Post), in millimeters ofmercury, was recorded. On average, the Fish oil group’s bloodpressure reduction was 7.71 mm better than the Regular oil group.*

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test

6. There is increasing concern about misuse of antimicrobialdrugs (such as antibiotics) that are designed to killmicroorganisms and stop their growth. Bacterial resistance is onthe rise, and it has been found in previous studies that 30-50% ofinpatient antimicrobial use is inappropriate. This raises questionsabout what characteristics of medical facilities are indicative oflower antibiotic use. ....In a study by Chau et al. (2016),published in a journal called Infection control and hospitalepidemiology, it was found that facilities that had at least onefull-time attending infectious disease specialist had significantlylower average antibiotics use. *

a.one-sample z-test

b.one-sample t-test

c.two-sample z-test

d.two-sample t-test