. Fill up the following tables.

a) Using Apples income statement information of the fiscal year of 2019 and 2018, conduct horizonal analysis below using the year of "2018" as the base year

($ in millions)

Items	2019	2018	Amount	Percent
Net sales	$260,174	$265,595
Cost of sales	161,782	163,756
Gross margin	98,392	101,839
Operating expenses:
Research and development	16,217	14,236
Selling, general and administrative	18,245	16,705
Total operating expenses	34,462	30,941
Operating income	63,930	70,898
Other income/(expense), net	1,807	2,005
Income before provision for income taxes	65,737	72,903
Provision for income taxes	10,481	13,372
Net income	$55,256	$59,531

b) Using Apples income statement information of the fiscal year of 2019 and 2018, conduct vertical analysis below using Net sales as the base amount -

Items	2019	Percent	2018	Percent
Net sales	$260,174		$265,595
Cost of sales	161,782		163,756
Gross margin	98,392		101,839
Operating expenses:
Research and development	16,217		14,236
Selling, general and administrative	18,245		16,705
Total operating expenses	34,462		30,941
Operating income	63,930		70,898
Other income/(expense), net	1,807		2,005
Income before provision for income taxes	65,737		72,903
Provision for income taxes	10,481		13,372
Net income	$55,256		$59,531