1. Explain why a life cycle that includes meiosis must alsoinclude fertilization. What is the advantage of such a lifecycle?

1. Why are prokaryotes especially useful in bioremediation?

1. Describe some examples of how prokaryotes are helpful to humansand some examples of how they are harmful to humans?

1. Explain why a female can be heterozygous for an X-linked gene,but a male cannot.

1. What is a practical or clinical use of knowing the basesequence of a gene?

1. The human genome project has discovered that humans have about30,000 genes, many fewer than earlier estimates of 100,000 genes.What implication does this have about the way human genesfunction?

1. Are viruses alive and deserving of the status of organisms orare they just biologically active chemicals? Defend a position onthis based on what you know about what viruses are and how theywork.

1. Plants in the tropical rain forest often grow faster than thosein temperate forests. Explain how what you know about how thefactors that affect transpiration would attribute to this.

1. Commercials on TV use food and sex as their most attractiveselling points. Explain how flowers use the same tow attractants to“sell” their pollen to animals.

1. Virtually, all plants compete directly with all the plantsaround them. Why is this so?

1. Assume that protein synthesis always reads along a chromosomethree bases at a time to code for each successive amino acid in aprotein. There are two kinds of point mutations, a basesubstitution and a base deletion. How are these two types ofmutations likely to affect the protein coded by a mutatedgene?

1. Why do most human societies have laws or customs againstmarrying close relatives?

1. The majority of all plants are seed plants. What is theadvantage of a seed? How do plants that lack seeds meet the needsserved by seeds?

1. Describe the similarities and difference between thebiochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis ineukaryotic cells. Include in your discussion the major reaction,the end products, and energy transfers.

1. Explain how a trait can skip generations.

1. Describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. Discussthe role of the membrane in the movement of materials through it byeach of the following processes.
   1. Active transport
   2. Passive transport

1. Describe negative and positive feedback loops, and discuss howfeedback mechanisms regulate each of the following.
   1. The menstrual cycle in a nonpregnant human female.
   2. Blood glucose levels in humans.

1. Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants toovercome the following problems associated with life on land.
   1. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction
   2. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plantbody
   3. Dehydration of the plant