Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrine system) act directly to regulate heart rate and...

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Medical Sciences

Explain how the sympathetic nervous system (and endocrinesystem) act directly to regulate heart rate and thus cardiacoutput. Include a detailed description of the mechanism (includethe target cells, the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, andchanges in membrane pontial where appropriate) and explain how themechanism operates to alter heart rate.Explain how theparasympathetic nervous system acts to directly regulate cardiacoutput (1 mechanism). Discuss each mechanism separately including adetailed description of each mechanism (include the target cells,the proteins, signaling molecules, ions, and changes in membranepontial where appropriate). Make clear how each affects cardiacoutput. This shoul require about half a page.Explain in detail theFrank-Starling law of the heart. Be sure to define what it is, anddescribe how it operates (the mechanism). Explain why it is animportant way that cardiac output is regulated. Demonstrate yourunderstanding by describing a particular scenario when it wouldoperate and its significance.

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Sympathetic nervous systemThe sympathetic nervous system directs the bodys rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations A flash flood of hormones boosts the bodys alertness and heart rate sending extra blood to the musclesThe sympathetic nervous system SNS releases the hormones catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine to accelerate the heart rate The reduced heart rate results from an increase in activity of the parasympathetic nervous system and perhaps from a decrease in activity of the sympathetic nervous system The types of sympathetic or adrenergic receptors are alpha beta 1 and beta 2 Alphareceptors are located on the arteries When the alpha receptor is stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine the arteries constrict This increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heartDamage to the vagus nerves providing the parasympathetic innervation of the heart will affect the ability to decrease the heart rate leading to tachycardia Similarly damage to the sympathetic fibres contributing to the cardiac plexus can reduce the ability to increase heart rate causing bradycardiaThe sympathetic nervous See Answer

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