Did I answer these correctly? Too many true answers based on myresearch. Uncertain about 1, 2 and 2

1) __T__ An association not explained by bias, chance,confounding means an association is causal.

2) __T__ The connection among intention, decision, behavior, andoutcome is not always clear.

3) __T__ Positive predictive value is more influenced by thesensitivity than the specificity of the screening test.

4) __T__ Specificity answers the question: “Of all individualsthat were free of disease A, what proportion tested negative?”

5) __T__ Successful treatment programs that shorten the durationof a disease primarily affect the prevalence of the disease ratherthan the incidence rate.

6) __T_ The preclinical phase of disease lasts from thebiological onset to the development of symptoms.

7) __T__ Incidence rate is a true rate because the denominatoris defined in terms of person-time whereas cumulative incidence isa proportion.

8) __T__ A clinical trial entails comparing a group of patientstreated with a test treatment to a comparable group of patientsreceiving a control treatment.

9) __F__ Experimental study designs have lower validity thancohort studies.

10) _T__ A “gold standard” is used to determine whether ascreening test is effective.