Describe mitochondrial pathways of stress in detail
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Biology
Describe mitochondrial pathways of stress in detail
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Mitochondria are doublemembrane organelles of which structure is characterized by containing lipid bilayers in almost eukaryotic cells Mitochondria are composed of approximately 1100 proteins which are encoded by genes located in both the mitochondrial genomes mtDNA and the nuclear genomes Yet most of the mitochondrial proteomes are encoded by the nuclear genomes synthesized in the cytosol and imported into mitochon dria Mitochondria possess their own genome which encodes 13 polypeptides of the electron transport chain ETC 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs required for their synthesis Organismal lives in a sophis ticated and unstable environment and different adverse environ mental conditions can induce varying degrees of mitochondrial stress Different mitochondrial stress may cause mitochondrial dysfunction in different degrees Communication between Mitochondria and Nucleus In order to quickly adapt to changeable conditions mitochon dria evolve to wellintegrated organelles communicated with other cell compartments Under stress conditions the signal conduction can be achieved from the misfolded or unfolded mitochondrial proteins within the matrix to the nucleus Mitochondrial retro grade signaling or mitochondrion to nucleus communication has been discovered by Butow and Avadhani laboratories Mainte nance of protein homeostasis the mitochondrial retrograde response increases nucleus encoded mitochondrial proteases and chaperones synthesis to facilitate protein folding or clearance of defective proteins in response to decreased mitochondrial activity which is essential for organism functionality and survival Recent works have not completely defined UPRmt extensively in mammals but two potential signal transduction pathways may involve in retrograde response One is mitochondrial membrane potential The
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