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1. 1 Pesticides suspected in mass die-off of bees Text excerptedfrom March 29, 2012|By Eryn Brown, Los Angeles Times

2. 2 Scientists have identified a new suspect in the mysteriousdie-off of bees in recent years � a class of

3. 3 pesticides that appear to be lethal in indirect ways. Thechemicals, known as neonicotinoids, are designed

4. 4 to target a variety of sucking and chewing insects, includingaphids and beetles. Bees are known to ingest

5. 5 the poison when they eat the pollen and nectar of treatedplants, though in doses so tiny that it was not

6. 6 seen as a threat.

7. 7 A study published online Thursday by the journal Scienceindicate that the pesticides are not altogether

8. 8 benign. The study used miniature radio frequency chips totrack honeybees and found that the pesticide

9. 9 impaired their ability to navigate back to the hive after afeeding expedition.

10. 10 Beekeepers became alarmed that honeybees were vanishing fromtheir nests across the U.S. in the fall of

11. 11 2006 � victims of a perplexing and pervasive malady now knownas colony collapse disorder that wiped

12. 12 out as many as 90% of bees, in some cases. Scientists don'tknow exactly why the ailment strikes, but

13. 13 they believe it results from a combination of habitatdegradation, infection by pathogens and parasites and

14. 14 pesticide use. Researchers have also documented sharpdeclines in bumblebees, which are important crop

15. 15 pollinators but are not domesticated.

16. 16 Neonicotinoid pesticides were developed to eradicate insectswithout threatening mammals. The

17. 17 chemicals, which are incorporated into the tissues, leavesand flowers of plants, target the central nervous

18. 18 system, leading to paralysis and death. Farmers began usingthem in the early 1990s.

19. 19 Past studies have explored effects of neonicotinoids in thelab, finding that they might harm bees'

20. 20 memory, learning and orientation. But the new study is amongthe first to examine the pesticides' effects

21. 21 on bees under real-world conditions.

22. 22 The study led by researchers from the French NationalInstitute for Agricultural Research, or INRA,

23. 23 focused on honeybees, which have been victimized by colonycollapse disorder throughout the Northern

24. 24 Hemisphere.

25. 25 First they glued special radio frequency identification tagsto the bees' thoraxes. Then they fed the bees

26. 26 sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid and monitored the insectsas they attempted to return to the hive.

1. 27 The research team discovered that the \"intoxicated\" bees wereabout twice as likely as unexposed bees to

2. 28 die because they couldn't find their way home. Computersimulations suggested that these no-shows could

3. 29 cause hive populations to crash in a matter of weeks, saidstudy coauthor Mickael Henry, a researcher at

4. 30 INRA in Avignon. The weakened colonies would be especiallyvulnerable to environmental

5. 31 stresses such as climate change or disease, he added.

32

1. 33 The new findings lend support to the notion that pesticidescontribute to colony collapse, but

2. 34 leave open the likelihood that habitat destruction andillness play a role too, scientists said.

3. 35 \"There are a whole lot of things that stress the honeybees,\"said Eric Mussen, a honeybee

4. 36 specialist at UC Davis. \"You can't point your finger at onething and say, 'That is the problem.' \"

5. 37 Mussen cautioned against singling out neonicotinoids whenother pesticides could have similar

6. 38 effects on bees. Besides, he said, many insects have built upimmunity to neonicotinoids, so

7. 39 farmers are likely to switch to different pesticidesanyway.

B: Bees released at a random location a kilometer away from thehive. Vertical axis shows relative number of bees returning to hive(1 = 100%)

Graph from: Henry, M., Beguin, M., Requier, F., Rollin, O.,Odoux, J., Aupinel, P., Aptel, J., Tchamitchian, S., &Decourtye, A. (2012). A Common Pesticide Decreases Foraging Successand Survival in Honey Bees Science