Compare and contrast the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) and Ecological (ECO) theoretical models. Describe in your...

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Psychology

Compare and contrast the Selective Optimization withCompensation (SOC) and Ecological (ECO) theoretical models.Describe in your own words the purpose and explain how each of themodels can be used to describe successful aging.
2. Sensation is simple stimulation of one of five sense organsand, perception is the mental representation resulting from theinterpretation of a sensation. Sensory organs need a certainintensity of stimulations before they will register the presence ofa signal (stimulus). Explain what the concepts of sensitivity andthreshold are and how these two concepts are related. Additionally,provide a brief describe the age-related changes in each.
3. Describe the characteristics of elderspeak and explain howthe aspects of elderspeak are likely to be helpful to older adultswith a hearing loss and which might not be viewed positively?Relatedly, what is the basic premise of the communicationpredicament model and what part does patronizing speech play inthis model?

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1 SOC Model for successful aging In this light then it is not surprising that processes of goal selection and goal pursuit have a prominent place in models of successful aging According to the SOC model successful aging encompasses selection of functional domains on which to focus ones resources optimizing developmental potential maximization of gains and compensating for lossesthus ensuring the maintenance of functioning and a minimization of losses The SOC model constitutes a general model of development that defines universal processes of developmental regulation These processes vary phenotypically depending on sociohistorical and cultural context domain of functioning eg social relations cognitive functioning as well as on the level of analysis eg societal group or individual level Taking an actiontheoretical perspective selection optimization and compensation refer to processes of setting pursuing and maintaining personal goals Selection Selection refers to developing elaborating and committing to personal goals Throughout the life span biological social and individual opportunities and constraints specify a range of alternative domains of functioning The number of options usually exceeding the amount of internal and external resources available to an individual need to be reduced by selecting a subset of these domains on which to focus ones resources This is particularly important in old age a time in life when resources decline Selection directs development because personal goals guide and organize behavior Successful goal selection requires individuals to develop and set goals in domains for which resources are available or can be attained and that match a persons needs and environmental demands The SOC model distinguishes between two kinds of selection elective selection and lossbased selection Both aspects of selection differ in their function Elective selection refers to the delineation of goals in order to match a persons needs and motives with the available or attainable resources Elective selection aims at achieving higher levels of functioning In contrast lossbased selection is a response to the loss of previously available resources that are necessary to maintain functioning Lossbased selection refers to changes in goals or the goal system such as reconstructing ones goal hierarchy by focusing on the most important goals adapting standards or replacing goals that are no longer achievable This allows the individual to focus or redirect his or her efforts when resources used for the maintenance of positive functioning or as a substitute for a functional loss compensation are either not available or would be invested at the expense of other more promising goals Selection promotes successful aging in a number of ways To feel committed to goals contributes to feeling that ones life has a purpose Furthermore goals help organize behavior over time and across situations and guide attention and behavior One of the central functions of selection is to focus the limited amount of available resources In old and very old age when resources become more constrained selection becomes even more important Empirical evidence shows that selecting a few life domains on which to focus is particularly adaptive for those older people whose resources are highly constrained Optimization For achieving desired outcomes in selected domains goalrelevant means need to be acquired applied and refined The means that are best suited for achieving ones goals vary according to the specific goal domain eg family sports personal characteristics eg age gender and the sociocultural context eg institutional support systems Prototypical instances of optimization are the investment of time and energy into the acquisition of goalrelevant means modeling successful others and the practice of goalrelevant skills In old age optimization continues to be of great importance for successful development because engaging in growthrelated goals has positive regulative functions Trying to achieve growthoriented goals is associated with a higher degree of selfefficacy and leads to positive emotions and enhanced wellbeing In old age when losses are prevalent it might be of particular importance to sustain growthrelated goals for promoting wellbeing See Answer

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