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Chemistry

General reactions

1. Complex molecules are synthesized used __________; in thisreaction, a chemical bond is formed when _________ is removed. Thereaction that is used to complex molecules into simpler buildingblocks is called _________. In this reaction, bonds are broken when__________ is added. Reactions go faster when _________.
   

Carbohydrates

1. The simplest carbohydrates are called __________. Three commonhexoses are ________. Sucrose is formed when ________. Lactose isformed when ________; and maltase is formed when _______. Thesethree molecules are examples of ________. Humans and other animalsstore polysaccharides in the form of __________. Plants storepolysaccharides as __________.

Lipids

1. Triglycerides are formed by the reaction of ________. This formof lipid is used for _______.
2. Phospholipids are formed by the combination of ___________.This form of lipid is mostly found in ________ where they form_________.
3. Cholesterol
   1. Cholesterol is used to form ________ such as ___________.
   2. Cholesterol and other lipids are transported by _________.
   3. High levels of __________ is associated with increased risk ofheart disease whereas high levels of __________ is associated withimproved cardiovascular health.

Proteins

1. Proteins are made up of _________. There are _________aminoacids which differ by the _______. Amino acids that can’t besynthesized by the body are called ________; they must be obtainedfrom the _______. Amino acids joined by ______.
2. The order of the amino acids in a protein is called its__________. Examples of secondary structure include ___________.Tertiary structure are is formed by _________. Quaternary structureis formed when _________.

Transport Across Cell Membranes

Passive and Active Transport

1. Passive transport across the cell membrane (requires/doesn’trequire) ATP while active transport (requires/doesn’t require) ATP.Passive transport always occurs (down/against) the concentrationgradient. Active transport always occurs (down/against) theconcentration gradient

Diffusion

1. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of__________ to an area of _________. This is an example of__________ transport. The rate of diffusion can be increased by___________.

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of _________ from __________ to__________. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the_____________. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is _________.Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of _______; hypoosmoticsolutions have an osmolarity ________ and hyperosmotic solutionshave an osmolarity of ________.
2. _________ solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause__________; _________ cause water to leave cells which may cause__________; and _________ has no net effect of water movementacross the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. Thisincludes _________ and _________. The process that expels materialsfrom the cell is called _______.

Nucleic Acids, Transcription, Translation,Replication

Nucleic Acids

1. Nucleic acids are made up of __________. The two forms ofnucleic acid are _________ and __________.
2. DNA is made of ________. The strands of DNA are held togetherby _______bonds between bases. Each adenine base is paired with a________; and each _________ is paired with a ________. This formof base-pairing is called ________. DNA is organized as _______inside the nucleus. The regions of the genome that code for aprotein is called a _________.
3. RNA is made of __________. It is (single/double) stranded._________ carries the codes that are responsible for making aprotein. _________ transports amino acids; and ________ is a partof the ribosome. There are ________ codons which are formed by______ nucleotides. Codons code for _______.

Transcription

1. Transcription describes the process of copying _______ into_________. The enzyme responsible for transcription is ___________.This process occurs in the ________. A single mRNA may code forseveral proteins due to __________ which is used to removenoncoding regions called _________.

Translations

1. Translation is the process of __________. The mRNA strand isread by the ________ which assembles the _________. The three stepsof translation are _________. This process primarily occurs in the________.

DNA replication

1. DNA replication occurs in the __________. In this process theDNA is unwounded by _________ and it is then copied by ___________.At the end of the process each new double-stranded DNA will have____________. This is called _____________ replication.