Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism
* Section 5.1 – Life Runs on Energy
o Describe what energy is (definition). Explain how thisdefinition applies to life. Use a cell as an example. Use an entireorganism as an example.
o What are the first and second law’s of thermodynamics? Whatdoes each one mean for life, from the perspective of a cell?
o Compare kinetic versus potential energy. How does life obtainpotential energy?
* Section 5.2 – Energy in the Molecules of Life
o Interpret a chemical formula (just identify which areproducts, which are reactants)
o Explain activation energy. After defining it, explain whatlife does to deal with activation energy (hint: think enzymes)
* Section 5.3 – How Enzymes Work
o What is an enzyme? First, which macromolecule is it? Then,what does an enzyme do?
o How does an enzyme accomplish its job? (Read about induced fitmodel)
o What is a substrate?
* Section 5.4 – Metabolic Pathways
o Describe allosteric regulation
o Describe feedback inhibition
o What is an electron transfer chain?
* Section 5.5 – Cofactors and Coenzymes
o Define cofactor and coenzyme. What is the difference in thetwo?
o What does ATP stand for? Explain what about ATP gives it lotsof energy.
o Explain what ADP is and how it is related to ATP
* Section 5.6 – Diffusion and Membranes
o Describe what diffusion is. Give an example
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o Explain the factors that can affect the speed (rate) ofdiffusion. Most importantly, HOW do each of these factors cause achange in the rate of diffusion?
o Describe what osmosis is. How does this compare todiffusion?
* Hint – in osmosis, water will move across a membrane to dilutethe concentrated side, since the solute cannot always move on itsown by diffusion
o Define the terms hypotonic and hypertonic. If I were to giveyou the salt concentration, for example, inside a cell versusoutside a cell, be able to state whether the solution outside thecell is hypotonic or hypertonic to the cell. Also, what isisotonic?
o Explain turgor, and how this term applies to wilting (think ofhow a cut flower will wilt out of water)
o Critical thinking regarding turgor and osmosis – think of aleftover salad. You have salad dressing on the salad, which istypically salty and concentrated so that it is flavorful. Can youlink osmosis and turgor to the fact that salads do not stay freshvery long after they are dressed?
* Section 5.7 – Membrane Transport Mechanisms
o Compare passive transport versus active transport in a simpledefinition of the two.
* What is the cellular form of energy that active transportrequires?
* How are membrane proteins important for active and passivetransport?
* Section 5.8 – Membrane Trafficking
o Define phagocytosis. What sorts of molecules might a cellingest, and why would the want to ingest such things?
