Chapter 1 –

Know and Understand the characteristics of livingorganisms.

Know and understand what is meant by the terms biology,histology, anatomy and physiology.

Know and understand what is meant by homeostasis, andwhat a failure of homeostasis can lead to.

Know and understand the various types of feedbackmechanisms and examples of each.

Know and understand the various terminology regardinglocations on the body.

Chapter 2 –

Know and understand what matter is

Know and understand what atoms are and what thestructure of an atom is, including how many electrons are in eachshell, what the atomic number and mass represent, what moleculesare, what compounds are, what isotopes are, what ions are,etc.

Know and understand the differences between Ionic andCovalent Bonding

Know and understand what polar moleculesare

Know and understand the special characteristic of waterwhich make it important to living things

Know and understand the concepts of acids and basesincluding what each are and what the pH scale measures as well aswhat buffers are and what they do

Know what monomers and polymers are and what types ofmonomers make up each of the types of polymers and the reactionsused to build up and break down polymers

Know and understand the basic structure of Proteins,Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids including uniquecharacteristics of each, and what each is used for in livingthings.

Know and understand the different levels of organizationof proteins and how shape is critical to their function, as well aswhat can cause the shape to change.

Know and understand the differences and similaritiesbetween DNA and RNA

Know and understand the composition, structure andfunction of enzymes including how to speed up reaction rates,etc.

Chapter 3 –

Know and understand what the cell theorystates

Know and understand the differences between Eukaryotesand Prokaryotes

Know and understand the names of, the structure of, andthe functions of each of the organelles

Know and understand the EndosymbioticHypothesis

Know and understand the basic structure, function, andcharacteristics of the plasma membrane including but not limited tothe phopsholipid bilayer, the embedded proteins, the carrier andchannel proteins, the glycocalyx, glycolipids, glycoproteins,etc.

Know and understand that structurally, the plasmamembrane is composed of a bilayer of lipids.

Know and understand the concept that Cell membranes aresaid to be selectively permeable, and understand the various waysof getting things across the membrances including which requireenergy and which do not, and what special features orcharacteristics are necessary for each.

Know and understand the concept of tonicity and whathappens to cells when placed in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonicsolutions.

Mitosis;

What happens during stages of mitosis and meiosis inplants and in animals.

Differences between Meiosis and Mitosis

What happens to DNA when goes from chromatin to formchromosomes.

Understand Diploid vs. Haploid and in Mitosis vs.Meiosis

Sequence of stages of meiosis and mitosis.

How does cell division differ between animal and plantcells?

Patterns of Inheritance;

Know what alleles, loci, genes and homologouschromosomes are.

Know the concepts of Mendel’s research and his law ofsegregation.

Know the differences between a phenotype, a genotype anda gamete.

Understand basic dominant/recessive concepts includingbeing able to answer problems and do punnet squares, as well asunderstanding test crosses and monohybrid and dihybridcrosses.

Understand codominance, sex-linked inheritance,polygenic inheritance and incomplete dominance including being ableto answer problem questions regarding them.

Understand what a karyotype is, how it is performed, andwhat it can be used for. Also, ways the cells can be obtained tocreate the karyotype. Know what non-disjunction means, and whatmonosomy and trisomy mean.

Cellular Respiration

Know and understand the basic concepts and principles ofCellular Respiration including the stages, overall reactions, andmain concepts, and molecules participating in thereactions.

DNA

Know and Understand that DNA is the hereditary materialfound in cells, and know it’s structure, composition, andreplication method and be able to compare it to RNA’s. Also knowthe different types of RNA and their function.

Be familiar with the flow of inherited information fromDNA → RNA → protein. And know the concepts of transcription andtranslation including where each occurs and what eachdoes.

Know the different types of Gene mutations and causesand affects of mutations.

Cancer;

Know the differences between normal cells and cancercells, as well as how cancer develops and progresses.

Know what apoptosis refers to.

Know possible causes of and treatments for cancer, aswell as how to protect yourself against cancer.

Chapter 5 -

Tissues –

Know and understand the differences between the varioustypes of tissues covered including characteristic features andwhere you might expect to find the tissue.

Know and understand how we categorize the various typesof epithelial tissues including shapes and numbers of layersincluding different types epithelial cells as well as exocrine andendocrine glands.

Know and understand the difference between Neurons andNeuroglial Cells including the basic anatomy of aneuron

Know and understand the differences between the 3 Typesof Muscle Cells

Know and understand the differences between the varioustypes of connective tissues covered including characteristicfeatures and where you might expect to find it.

Integument –

Know and understand the functions of theintegument

Know and understand the anatomy of the skin, includingthe various layers and their features

Know and understand the physiology of how nutrients aresupplied to the skin

Know and understand what happens with injuries to theskin, including severe burns

Know and understand the different types of skincancer

Bone and Skeletal System –

Know and understand the functions of the skeletalsystem

Know and understand the different parts of the AxialSkeleton that we went over in class

Know and understand the different parts of theAppendicular Skeleton that we went over in class

Know and understand the structure of bone, including thevarious types of cells in bone

Know and understand the special features andcharacteristics of bone

Know and understand the different parts of differenttypes of bones

Know and understand the 2 methods of bone developmentthat we discussed

Know and understand the process of the healing of afracture

Know and understand the concept of boneremodeling

Know and understand what a bursa is and what bursitisis

Know and understand the differences between the varioustypes of joints

Know and understand the various motions of the skeletalsystem

Know and understand the concept of how Osteoporosisdevelops

Know the anatomy of any specific bones we discussed inlecture

Nervous System –

Know and understand what a Neuron is and it’sanatomy

Know and understand what Neuroglial tissueis

Know and understand an Action Potential and how itoccurs and travels down an axon, including refractoryperiod

Know and understand white matter of CNS vs. Graymatter

Know and understand peripheral vs. central nervoussystem

Know and understand Saltatory vs. standardconduction

Know and understand synapses andneurotransmitters

Know and understand the different parts of the autonomicnervous system including Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NervousSystems and Dual Innervation

Know and understand the different parts of human brainand especially the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata andwhat the corpus callosum is

Know and understand the parts of a Reflex arc as well asthe anatomy of the spinal cord and the dorsal and ventral roots aswell as the dorsal root ganglion

Know and understand the anatomy involved in theprocesses of hearing and vision

Know and understand the physiology involved in theprocesses of hearing and vision, including being able to tracelight and/or sound waves as they enter the body and are processedas sight or hearing.

Know and understand CSF and the various meninges of thebrain and spinal cord

Know and understand the anatomy of spinal nerves and theconcept of dermatomes

Muscles and Muscular System

Know and understand the anatomical structure of musclefibers and muscles

Know and understand the cellular level features ofmuscle including sarcoplasmic reticulum and the relationshipbetween thin and thick filaments

Know and understand the various layers of connectivetissue covering in muscle fibler and muscles

Know and understand what is meant by the origin and theinsertion of muscles

Know and understand the concept of how muscles getstimulated by nerves

Know and understand the principles of how a musclecontracts

Know and understand what is meant by the various typesof muscle contraction are

Know and understand the differences between fast andslow twitch muscle fibers

Know and understand the concepts of recruitment, twitch,tetany, and fatigue

Know the anatomy of and the origin and insertion of themuscles we discussed in lecture