Cardiovascular System

Blood

1. Blood is made up ______ plasma and _______ formed elements.Plasma is mostly ________ with dissolved__________.  
2. __________ account for most of the formed elements. These cellstransport ___________. RBCs are produced in the ________ inresponse to ________ that is produced in the ________ in responseto _________
3. White blood cells are a part of the __________. The most commonwhite blood cells are __________ and the least common are ________.___________ kill bacteria; _________ produce antibodies; ______fight parasites; ________ scavenge debris.
4. Your blood type is based on the _________ on the surface of theRBCs. There are _______ possible blood types. The two most commonblood types are __________. The universal donor blood type is________; the universal acceptor blood type is _______. Thepossible genotypes for A, B, AB, O blood are_________. Type AB+blood has ___________ antigens and _______antibodies. Type O+ has________antigens and _______antibodies. Type A- blood can be safelytransfused to __________ recipients

Heart Physiology

1. The period of ventricular relaxation is called _________ andthe period of ventricular contraction is called _________. Thefirst heart sound is heard during _________ and the second heartsound is heard during ________. The volume of blood in oneventricle at the end of systole is called _________; the volume ofblood in the ventricle at the end of diastole is called ________;the volume of blood that is ejected during systole is called the_________
2. The 5 phases of the cardiac cycle are ____________. Bloodleaves the ventricles during __________; blood enters theventricles during ________.
3. The pacemaker cells of the heart are located in the___________. Pacemaker cells are needed in order to activate__________ which are responsible for ____________.  Electrical activity spreads from the SA node to the ____________and finally to the ________ which trigger the contraction of the________.
4. The three phases of the action potential of non-pacemaker cellsare __________. ________ is caused by the influx of _________.Calcium influx during the ________ triggers the release of calciumfrom the _________. This calcium is necessary to allow for________
5. The three waves of the EKG are ___________. The _________precedes ventricular contraction; the ________ precedes atrialcontraction. Repolarization of the ventricles generates the________.
6. The cardiac output is __________ it is equal to SV x ______.The cardiac reserve is the ________
7. The maximum pressure generated by the ventricle is called the___________. The minimum pressure generated by the ventricle iscalled the _________. The average pressure during one cardiac cycleis called the _________. The SP, DP, PP, MAP of a patient with ablood pressure reading of 120/80 is ___________.
8. The baroreceptor reflex: High blood pressure activatesbaroreceptors in the _______ which relay information through CN________ to the __________ and _________ centers. The integratingcenters will _______ blood vessels and __________ HR which will________. Low blood pressure will lead to ______ of blood vessels,_______ of contractility, and ________ HR.
9. The DP and SP values for Normal blood pressure,Prehypertension, Stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension are_________
   
   

Skeletal MuscleSystem

Muscle Contraction

1. The phase of the sliding filament mechanisms are activation ofmyosin followed by __________; the last step is _______. Thedetachment phase requires ___________. The power stroke phaserequires __________. A crossbridge is formed between _________.Calcium binds to ________ which is necessary for _________.
2. At the neuromuscular junction, __________ is released by theneuron; it binds to ________ on the muscle cell to eventuallytrigger ___________. Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells areneeded _________.
3. During ___________ contractions, the muscle stays at the samelength; During _________ contractions, the muscle shortens; themuscle lengthens during ________ contractions
4. Type 1 muscle fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________;type 2a fibers produce ATP ________ and fatigue ________; type 2bfibers produce ATP __________ and fatigue _______.

Endocrine System

Hormone Classes

1. Hormones can be chemically classified as _____________.__________ are water soluble and ________ are lipid soluble
2. Water soluble hormones bind to receptors ____________ whichactivate ___________. Lipid soluble hormones bind to ___________and trigger ___________.
3. Hormones may interact ________________. Interactions in whichthe effect of one hormone depends on prior action of anotherhormone are called _________. _________ interactions have opposingeffects and _________ interactions have amplifying effect

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

1. Hypothalamic hormones travel to the anterior pituitary throughthe ____________. TRH triggers the release of _________; CRHtriggers the release of _______; GnRH triggers the release of_______; GHRH triggers the release of ________; dopamine inhibitsthe release of ________; somatostatin inhibits the release of________.
2. ____________ and ___________ are made in the hypothalamus andtransported to the posterior pituitary by the _______________.
3. Hormone Effects
   1. __________ stimulates ovarian follicular growth and _________stimulates sperm cell production; _________ stimulates the releaseof thyroid hormone; __________ stimulates the release of cortisol;__________stimulates milk production; _________ stimulates growthof bones and muscles
   2. Oxytocin triggers ________________ and ADH stimulates____________.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland

1. Calcitonin _________________ and parathyroid hormone __________blood calcium
2. Thyroid hormone is secreted as ___________ but the active formis ___________.
3. TH ________ATP production, _______ adrenergic receptors, and_________ brain development
   

Adrenal Gland

1. The zona glomerulosa produces _________; the zona fasciculataproduces __________ and the zona reticularis produces________.
2. Cortisol stimulates _____________; aldosterone triggers___________; androgens trigger __________

Pancreas

1. Beta cells produce __________, alpha cells produce __________and delta cells produce __________.
2. ___________ decreases blood glucose and _________ increasesblood glucose; _________ maintains blood glucose levels
3. Type 1 diabetes is caused by the ___________; it normal onsets_________. Type 2 diabetes is caused by ___________.