Can you paraphrase the following rationale, thank you!

1. Which function is carried out by all lymphoid tissues andorgans?

a. Filtration of lymph

b. Filtration of blood
c. Extramedullary hemopoiesis
d. Production of lymphocytes
e. Destruction of old erythrocytes

Rationalization: Filtration of blood, extramedullaryhemopoiesis, destruction of old erythrocytes occurs in spleen, butfiltration of lymph occurs in lymph nodes. All of the lymphoidtissues and organs function in the production of lymphocytes

2. Which structure is partly encapsulated and covered bynonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

a. Appendix

b. Lymph node

c. Palatine tonsil

d. Peyer’s patch

e. Thymic (Hassal’s) corpuscle

Rationalization: Palatine tonsil is located in the posteriorlateral walls of the oral cavity, it means that it is prone toabrasion and stratified squamous forms thick layer of cells toprotect against abrasion and acts as a mechanical barrier.

3. Which cell type gives rise to both memory and effector cellsand is primarily associated with humoral immunity?

a. B lymphocyte

b. Nk cell

c. Macrophage

d. T lymphocyte

e. Reticular cell

Rationalization: Given with the clue “humoral immunity” Blymphocyte is known to be responsible for secreting antibodies(specifically Plasma B-cell)

4. Recycling of iron and heme, the major complex containingiron, occurs most actively in which lymphoid organ(s)/ tissue?

a. Lymph nodes

b. Peyer’s patch

c. Tonsils

d. Spleen

e. Lymphatic vessels

Rationalization: Spleen is responsible for filtration ofblood

5. Which description is true of all secondary (peripheral)lymphoid organs?

a. Capable of antigen-independent lymphopoiesis

b. Contain crypts

c. Contain epithelial-reticular cells

d. Lack connective tissue capsules

e. Contain lymphoid nodules

Rationalization: Antigen-independent lymphopoiesis occurs inprimarily in lymphoid organs, secondary lymphoid organs aresurrounded by connective tissue

6. Which structure would be most heavily labeled by animmunohistochemical method targeting the CD8 surface antigen

a. Germinal centers

b. Paracortex

c. Peyer’s patch

d. Sheathed arterioles

e. Splenic cords

Rationalization: The paracortex of contains lymphoid tissue richin T-cells distinguishable by immunohistochemistry.

7. A baby is born with a cleft palate and a condition calledDiGeorge syndrome, which involves failure of third and fourthpharyngeal pouch derivatives to develop properly. The palate defectis corrected surgically, but regarding the pharyngeal pouch defectthe parents are advised that the growing child may expect which ofthe following health problems?

a. Insufficient B-cell production by lymph nodes in the head andneck

b. Inability to secrete IgA

c. Excessive numbers of circulating but defectiveerythrocytes

d. Increased oral infections due lack of palatine and pharyngealtonsils

e. Conditions related to autoimmunity

Rationalization: There are common problems that occur inDiGeorge syndrome such as heart defects, hypothyroidism, thymusgland dysfunction, cleft palate and developmental problem. Due tosmall or absence of thymus, may have increased risk of autoimmunediseases.

8. Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired inaged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop lessfunctionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue withage?

a. Axillary lymph nodes

b. Lingual tonsils

c. Thymus

d. Splenic white pulp

e. Splenic red pulp

Rationalization: Because as we grow old, thymus gland begins todeteriorate and less functional. Thymus is the site of T-lymphocytedifferentiation and selection, it is most active during neonataland pre-adolescent period.

9. A 12-year-old girl of African descent presents with anemiaand a large percentage of her peripheral erythrocytes appearsickle-shaped. Genetic testing reveals homozygosity for sickle celldisease. In which of the following sites will the abnormal RBCs beremoved from the circulation?

a. Thymic cortex

b. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheathes of splenic white pulp

c. Medullary sinuses of lymph nodes

d. Thymic medulla

e. Splenic cords (of Billroth)

Rationalization: Because the red pulp is composed almostentirely of splenic cord (of Billroth) and splenic sinusoids and itthe site where the effete RBC in blood are removed.

10. A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his motherreports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier.The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and indexfinger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’sexamination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skininside the right elbow and armpit and he explains to the motherthat these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to infectionin the hand. What has produced swelling?

a. Increased flow of lymph through the nodes’ afferentlymphatics

b. Formation of germinal centers for B-cell proliferation ineach node’s cortex

c. Arrival of antigen-presenting cells in each node’smedulla

d. Enlargement and increased activity of the nodes’ highendothelial venules

e. Increased thickness of each node’s paracortex

Rationalization: It was the immune response of B-cell toinvading pathogens. Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells thatarise by terminal differentiation.